导语 Introduction

关键点一

本期的“海洋与社会”版块关注了对小型生计渔业的讨论。生计渔业是与商业渔业对应的一种基本渔业类型。《联合国海洋法公约》和《负责任渔业行为守则》都要求对沿海渔民社区和“自给、小型和手工作业”的渔民和渔业工人的权益进行保护，尤其是在海洋保护需要控制捕捞压力的背景下，生计渔业需要优先于工业化的渔业予以保护。厦门大学王利兵老师的文章对生计渔业在经济以外的维度的重要性进行了综述，可以帮助读者理解为什么生计渔业具有独特的保护价值，并一同思考生计渔业转型与工业化渔业的转型之间的关系。本期还收录了一篇研究印尼金枪鱼生计渔业的文章，通过对参与自愿认证计划的工作的渔民的访谈，识别了手工渔业社区可持续发展的关键因素，而且也说明，发展中国家的手工渔业，通过能力建设，也有可能进入高价值的国际市场。尽管面临的资源状况不同，这一研究仍然可以为我国生计渔业的转型的政策框架提供参考。此外，该版块还收录了多篇关于个人和社区可以如何参与到海岸带保护以及从公益活动中获益的文章。海洋的保护和可持续利用需要全社会的参与，海洋管理的社会视角也可以帮助我们更好地理解海洋和管理海洋，这也是蓝色脉搏设立“海洋与社会”版块的初衷。

Highlight 1

The "Oceans and Society" section of this issue focuses on the discussion of small-scale subsistence fisheries. Livelihood fisheries are a fundamental type of fishery coexisting with commercial fisheries. Both the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries require that the rights and interests of coastal fishing communities and "subsistence, small-scale and artisanal" fishers and fish workers be protected, especially in the context of marine conservation and the need to control fishing pressure, and subsistence fisheries need to be protected in preference to industrial fisheries. The article by Wang Libing of Xiamen University provides an overview of the importance of subsistence fisheries in dimensions other than the economic, helping readers to understand why subsistence fisheries are of unique conservation value and to reflect together on the relationship between the transformation of subsistence fisheries and the transformation of industrial fisheries. This issue also includes an article examining a subsistence fishery for tuna in Indonesia, which identifies key factors for the sustainability of artisanal fishing communities through interviews with fishers involved in the work of a voluntary certification scheme. It also shows that artisanal fisheries in developing countries, through capacity building, also have the potential to reach high-value international markets. Despite the different resource situations faced, this research can still inform the policy framework for the transformation of our subsistence fisheries. In addition, the section contains a number of articles on how individuals and communities can participate in coastal zone protection and benefit from public goods. The protection and sustainable use of the oceans requires the participation of society as a whole, and a societal perspective on ocean management can help us better understand and manage the oceans, which is why Blue Pulse established the "Oceans and Society" section in the first place.

海洋与社会 Ocean and Society

关键点

• 一项针对净滩志愿者的研究表明，净滩活动不仅保护了海洋，也能够促进参与者身心健康，并鼓励更多环保行为。
• 尽管小规模生计渔业在产量上无法达到规模效应，但这并不意味着它是落后的。保留小规模生计渔业则为人类提供了更丰富的价值选择和生存空间。
• 应用小组模型搭建（GMB）可以促进海藻养殖产业利益相关者之间的共识，支持有效政策制定以实现产业的可持续性。

海边栖息的水獭｜浙江生态环境

1）【观点】 Kayleigh Wyles（普利茅斯大学心理学院，环境心理学副教授）

我的研究表明，参加净滩活动不仅有益于心理健康，而且能鼓励人们采取更环保的行为。净滩和潮间带探险活动结合了公民科学参与，允许参与者记录科学数据。例如，收集到的垃圾被记录在海洋保护协会的海洋垃圾数据库中。此外，潮间带中发现的野生动物也被记录下来，作为海洋生物协会“海岸观察”计划的一部分，旨在监测全国范围内海水温度上升对沿海物种的影响。我的研究强调了垃圾或污染海滩对我们健康和幸福的负面影响。作为一个由社会科学家和自然科学家组成的跨学科团队，我们希望探索海滩对人们心理体验的影响。通过参与海洋保护协会和“保持英国整洁”（Keep Britain Tidy）等组织举办的活动，我们不仅贡献于清洁海洋、保护海洋野生动物，也直接受益于这些行动。这些志愿行为，不仅为其他游览和享受海岸的人们带来积极影响，也直接促进了志愿者自身的健康和幸福。

【Perspective】 Kayleigh Wyles（ Associate Professor in Environmental Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Plymouth ）

My research shows that participating in beach cleaning is good for our mental health and encourages people to adopt more environmentally friendly behaviors. The beach cleaning and rock pooling activities had a citizen science component whereby participants recorded scientific data. Rubbish items were collected, and then logged onto the Marine Conservation Society's database of marine litter. Wildlife spotted in rockpools was recorded as part of the Marine Biological Association's Shore Thing program to monitor the nationwide impact of rising sea temperatures on coastal species. My research highlights how the benefits to our health and well-being are reduced on a littered or polluted beach. As a mixed team of social and natural scientists, we wanted to explore what the impacts are on people's psychological experiences of the beach. Beach clean ups are a triple win. Volunteering at events run by groups such as the Marine Conservation Society and Keep Britain Tidy helps clean up our seas, protects marine wildlife and benefits us. This positively impacts other people who visit and enjoy the coast, plus the act of cleaning the coast has immediate health and well-being benefits forvolunteers themselves.

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2）【解读】王利兵（厦门大学人类学与民族学系副教授）：小规模生计渔业的文化意涵与社会价值

从生产目的上来看，小规模生计渔业主要是一种为了满足基本生活需要而进行的生产活动，它极度依赖于海洋资源来维持生计。因此，这种生产方式的可持续性与资源的可持续利用和保护紧密相关。小规模生计渔业面临着较高的风险性和脆弱性，从业渔民的收入稳定性和社会保障程度相对较低。这种现状会直接影响渔民的生产行为和家庭决策，也与他们能否享有公正、安全的生计权利息息相关。在进步与发展成为时代主流话语的背景下，扩大规模或规模化成为许多社会努力和追求的方向。然而，不可规模化（或小规模、小型化）往往被视为社会淘汰的目标，或被看作是社会发展和进步的一种“累赘”。这种观念误导了我们对小规模生计渔业的认识和理解。尽管小规模生计渔业在产量上无法达到规模效应，但这并不意味着它是落后的。发展规模化的商业化渔业旨在满足人类的基本需求，而保留小规模生计渔业则为人类提供了更丰富的价值选择和生存空间。

【Interpretations】Wang Libing (Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Xiamen University): Cultural Implications and Social Values of Small-Scale Subsistence Fishing

Small-scale subsistence fisheries are mainly a production activity to meet the basic needs of life, and they rely heavily on the sustainability of marine resources. There is high risk and vulnerability in small-scale subsistence fisheries. The income stability and social security for those who work in them are both at a low level. These elements have a direct impact on the production behaviour and household decision-making of fishers and are directly related to their right to a just and secure livelihood. When progress and development become the dominant discourse of our time, scaling up becomes the direction of progress. At the same time, unexpandable(or small-scale) businesses naturally become a liability for social development and progress. This discourse has seriously misled our knowledge and understanding of small-scale subsistence fisheries. Although those fisheries are unable to achieve economies of scale in terms of production, it does not mean that they are backward. If the development of large-scale commercial fisheries is to satisfy human appetites and needs for food, then the preservation of small-scale fisheries is to provide human beings with more value choices and room for survival.

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3）【学术】在印度尼西亚建立利益相关者对海藻可持续性的相互理解： 小组模型搭建方法

尽管产业规模不断扩大，印尼海藻产业在实现可持续发展方面仍面临诸多挑战。利益相关者的对话至关重要，但由于观点差异、利益冲突和优先事项的相互竞争，这一对话过程十分复杂。本文展示了小组模型搭建（GMB）的应用如何有效地吸引利益相关者的参与，并促进他们共同识别印尼海藻价值链系统中不利于可持续发展的关键问题。具体而言，GMB方法通过问题识别、制定动态假设和模型验证三个步骤，构建了因果循环图，描述了可持续性问题、原因和后果之间的相互联系和反馈互动。GMB流程揭示了海藻价值链是一个复杂的系统。其中潜在的问题，如海藻的供应和质量，可能会威胁到该行业的可持续性。这些问题的相互作用还会影响价格动态和海藻产品在全球市场上的竞争力，最终损害海藻产业的可持续性。本研究展示了GMB过程的优势，包括开发一个概念模型来描绘海藻产业的整体视角，促进利益相关者之间就海藻价值链系统中的关键问题、原因和后果达成相互理解和共识。这有助于更有效地制定政策和确定优先事项。然而，进行有效的GMB需要适当的准备、充足的资源和时间，以及与利益相关方的充分沟通。

【Academic】 Building stakeholders’ mutual understanding of seaweed sustainability in Indonesia: A group model building approach

Despite the industry’s expansion, the Indonesian seaweed industry continues to face numerous challenges in achieving sustainability. Facilitating stakeholder dialogue is critical but rather complex, given their different perspectives and often competing interests and priorities. Therefore, this paper showcases how the application of Group Model Building (GMB) can effectively engage stakeholders and facilitate them to collectively identify critical issues against sustainability within the Indonesian seaweed value chain system. Specifically, the GMB approach facilitates the construction of a causal loop diagram to describe the interlinkages and feedback interactions between sustainability issues, causes, and consequences through three steps: problem identification, formulating a dynamic hypothesis, and model validation. The GMB process reveals that the seaweed value chain is a complex system, with underlying issues such as seaweed availability and quality that may threaten the industry’s sustainability. The combination of these two issues also influences price dynamics and the competitiveness of seaweed products in the global market, ultimately detrimenting the sustainability of the seaweed industry. The study demonstrates the advantages of the GMB process, including developing a conceptual model portraying a holistic view of the seaweed industry and fostering mutual understanding and consensus among stakeholders about critical issues, causes, and consequences across the seaweed value chain systems. Consequently, this can facilitate more effective policymaking and priority-setting. However, it should be noted that conducting GMB requires proper preparation, resources, and time, as well as good initial communication with stakeholders.

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4）【学术】通过资本组合实现灵活性：自愿可持续认证下印度尼西亚小规模手工捕捞金枪鱼渔民的能力

作为全球主要的金枪鱼生产国和出口国，发展中国家为满足市场需求和消费者期望，可自愿采纳可持续性认证。直到最近，小型渔业在这方面才受到关注。尽管贸易量有限，但捕鱼活动对维持小型渔民的生计至关重要。与大型渔业相比，小型渔业对环境的影响较小，但因缺乏资金、技术和价值链上的利益冲突，小型渔业在参与认证计划方面面临阻碍。本研究采用Sen的方法来评估自愿性标准在促进小型金枪鱼渔民的能力发展方面的作用。我们以印度尼西亚马鲁古省的美国公平贸易捕捞渔业标准(CFS)为案例进行研究，该标准是与印度尼西亚非政府组织Yayasan Masyarakat dan Perikanan Indonesia合作制定的。研究表明，渔民利用一系列不同类型的资本来发展自己的能力，以符合认证标准。这组资本包括规定资本（即遵守认证标准所需的资本）和渔民用于发展自身能力以遵守认证标准的替代资本。在本研究中，我们发现渔民并没有依赖认证标准所强调的人力资本，而是将社会资本作为他们遵守标准的主要资本，这使得社会资本成为提高他们能力的主要来源。总之，我们认为有必要提高可持续发展标准的灵活性，以增强其作为治理机制的有效性。

【Academic】Flexibility through bundles of capital: The capabilities of Indonesian small-scale handline tuna fishers under voluntary sustainability certification

As key tuna producers and exporters globally, developing countries are exposed to voluntary sustainability certification to respond to market and consumer demands. Only recently, small-scale fisheries have received attention in this respect. Despite small volumes traded, fishing activities are essential for maintaining the livelihoods of small-scale fishers. Their environmental footprint is lower than large-scale fisheries, yet lack of capital, capabilities, and conflicting interests along the value chain have hindered their participation in certification schemes. This study employs Sen’s capability approach to understand the extent to which a voluntary standard develops the capabilities of small-scale tuna fishers. We use a case study of the Fair Trade USA Capture Fisheries Standard (CFS) in the province of Maluku, Indonesia, established in collaboration with an Indonesian non-governmental organization, Yayasan Masyarakat dan Perikanan Indonesia. We show that fishers use a bundle of different kinds of capitals to develop their capabilities for compliance with the certification standard. This bundle of capitals consists of a combination of prescribed capitals (the capitals necessary to comply with the certification standard) and alternative capitals that fishers use to develop their abilities for their compliance. Instead of using human capital as emphasized by the certification standard, in this study, we found that fishers use social capital as their main capital to comply with the standard, which makes it the primary source for improving their capabilities. In conclusion, we found support for the need to strengthen flexibility in the implementation of sustainability standards to increase their effectiveness as a sustainability governance mechanism.

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5）【解读】浙江生态环境：舟山市定海区探索社区保护地（OECM）模式助力水獭保护

水獭曾经遍布浙江省的所有水系，但近30年来已近乎绝迹。根据《浙江省珍稀濒危野生动植物抢救保护行动工程》（2019—2021年）的调查成果，水獭在浙江大陆已无分布，仅存于近海的几个岛屿上。其中，舟山市定海区金塘岛拥有密度最高、最稳定的水獭种群，其活动范围与人居环境高度重叠，实现了人与自然的和谐共生。定海区在金塘镇建立了首个浙江沿海濒危物种水獭社区保护地试点，并设立了水獭工作站。通过开展本底调查、基础研究等工作，已基本掌握水獭的分布和活动规律。首先，因地制宜实施科学保护，创新社区保护地保护模式（OECM），为在人居环境中开展生物多样性保护提供了范例。其次，保护成果实现共建共享，水獭保护的价值转化成果（“中国水獭岛”IP），推动了生态教育和生态旅游的发展，实现了水獭保护与可持续经济发展的双赢。通过国际交流合作，不仅引入了资金支持，还带来了先进的保护理念和技术，促进了相互学习和合作，共同推动了濒危物种保护工作的进展。

【Intepretations】 Ecological Environment of Zhejiang: Dinghai District of Zhoushan City Explores OECM Model for Otter Conservation

Once widespread across all water systems in Zhejiang Province, otters have nearly disappeared over the past 30 years. According to the findings of the "Zhejiang Rare and Endangered Wildlife Rescue and Protection Action Plan" (2019-2021), otters are no longer found on the Zhejiang mainland and only remain on a few offshore islands. Among these, Jintang Island in Dinghai District, Zhoushan City, has the highest and most stable otter population, with their activity areas overlapping significantly with human habitats, creating a harmonious coexistence between humans and otters.

Dinghai District has established the first coastal endangered species community conservation pilot site for otters in Zhejiang in Jintang Town. A dedicated otter workstation has been set up to conduct baseline surveys and basic research, gaining a comprehensive understanding of otter distribution and activity patterns. The initiative focuses on three main aspects: 1) Implementing Scientific Conservation Tailored to Local Conditions: By innovating the community conservation area model (OECM), this approach provides a paradigm for biodiversity conservation within human habitats. 2）Achieving Shared and Co-constructed Conservation Results: The transformation of otter conservation values into tangible outcomes (such as the "China Otter Island" IP) has promoted the development of ecological education and ecotourism, achieving a win-win situation between otter conservation and sustainable economic development. 3）Promoting Mutual Benefits through Exchange and Cooperation: International exchanges and cooperation have not only brought in funding support but also advanced conservation concepts and technologies. Through mutual learning and progress, these efforts have significantly contributed to the protection of endangered species.

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6)【资源】通过改变行为成为更好的沿海适应实践者

如何激励人们响应适应信息并降低风险？关键在于让人们感到他们能够采取行动，并且他们的行动具有重要性。这正是行为科学家分别称之为感知行为控制和自我效能。三年前，行为与气候中心（Center for Behavior and Climate）的网络研讨会介绍了推动海洋及其他地区气候行为改变背后的九项原则。在本次网络研讨会上，行为与气候中心将向您展示如何将行为工具整合到您的沿海适应工作中，以提高社区项目和政策措施的成功可能性。在深入了解了行为改变过程之后，我们将向您介绍五种基于证据的策略：社会规范、自我效能、传统动机、劝导以及针对不同受众的框架。本跨学科网络研讨会汇集了从学术界到实践者的最新行为科学知识，并为 CBC 首创的 “行为改变促进气候适应”在线课程提供了预览。希望本次活动能加深对这一问题的理解，以便更有效地将行为改变策略应用于各自的工作之中，从而促进气候适应和降低风险。

【Resource】Be a Better Coastal Adaptation Practitioner with Behavior Change

How do you motivate people to respond to adaptation messages and reduce their risk? The key is to feel that they can actually do something and that their action matters -- what behavioral scientists call perceived behavioral control and response efficacy, respectively. Three years ago, the Center for Behavior and Climate’s webinar described nine principles behind behavior change for climate action for the oceans and beyond. In this webinar, the Center for Behavior and Climate will show you how to incorporate behavioral tools into your coastal adaptation efforts to improve the likelihood of success for community projects and policy initiatives alike. After learning about the behavior change process, we will teach you five evidence-based techniques (social norms, efficacy, legacy motivation, nudge, and framing to reach different audiences). Synthesizing the latest behavioral science from academics to practitioners, this transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary webinar offers a preview of CBC’s first-of-its-kind online course on Behavior Change for Climate Adaptation. Expected outcomes are increased understanding of how to apply behavior change in your own work.

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7)【学术】渔业水域使用权（TURFs）范围内偷捕行为的形势犯罪分析  

非法、无管制和未报告的捕捞活动（IUU）对全球海洋资源管理构成重大威胁。环境犯罪学通过研究这些犯罪背后的背景因素，在理解和减轻IUU方面发挥着至关重要的作用。本研究以智利的海螺渔业为重点，探讨了在渔业领土使用权（TURFs）管理的区域内偷猎的动态。本研究采用犯罪脚本分析（CSA）为主要方法论工具，细致地解构了TURFs偷猎行动的犯罪过程。通过犯罪脚本分析，本研究识别了主要参与者、战术和推动者，从而全面了解了偷猎者的作案手法。进一步地，通过结合“犯罪情境分析”与“犯罪情境诱因”（SPC），本研究确定了环境条件、社会经济差异和执法薄弱环节等关键因素，这些因素都会影响到在TURFs内偷猎的机会。分析揭示了SPC因素之间复杂的相互作用，并强调了它们在形成偷猎动态中的作用。在这些研究结果的基础上，本研究提出了一个全面的情景犯罪预防（SCP）框架，旨在有效打击TURFs偷猎行为。该框架强调了在限制性措施和包容性措施之间取得谨慎平衡的重要性，以减轻潜在的负面影响。利用环境犯罪学的视角，本研究为理解和应对IUU，尤其是在智利TURFs内的IUU问题，提供了宝贵的见解，有助于制定更有效的管理和保护策略。

【Academic】Situational Crime Analysis of Poaching within Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries (TURFs)

Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing poses a significant threat to marine resource management globally. Environmental criminology plays a vital role in understanding and mitigating IUU activities by focusing on contextual elements surrounding these crimes. This study examines the dynamics of poaching within areas managed through Territorial User Rights for Fisheries (TURFs), with a specific emphasis on the loco (Concholepas concholepas) fishery in Chile. Employing Crime Script Analysis (CSA) as the primary methodological lens, this research meticulously deconstructs the criminal process involved in TURFs poaching operations. Through CSA, the study identifies key actors, tactics, and facilitators, providing a comprehensive understanding of poachers modus operandi. Additionally, by integrating CSA with Situational Precipitators of Crime (SPC), critical factors are identified, such as environmental conditions, socio-economic disparities, and enforcement weaknesses shaping poaching opportunities within TURFs. The analysis reveals a complex interplay between SPC factors, underscoring their role in shaping poaching dynamics. Building upon these findings, the study proposes a comprehensive Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) framework aimed at effectively combating TURFs poaching. It emphasizes the importance of striking a careful balance between restrictive and inclusive measures to mitigate potential negative consequences. In conclusion, this study contributes valuable insights into understanding and addressing IUU fishing, particularly within TURFs in Chile. By leveraging environmental criminology.

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气候与海洋 Climate and Ocean

关键点

• 澳大利亚海洋科学研究所尝试通过引入耐热菌株培养珊瑚礁以对抗高温。
• 166 个美国本土河口的数据分析显示, 沿海湿地的陆向迁移无法抵消海平面上升带来的损失
• 阿拉斯加的渔业需加强投资研究和创新，以适应未来的挑战并适应不停变化的气候条件。

科普播客“短波”的标题图：在新西兰海岸从下方拍到的一条大青鲨｜Cultura RM Exclusive/Richard Robinson/Getty Images

1）【观点】 Chris Fisher（科尔维尔部落鱼类和野生动物部首席生物学家）

科学家们提到的 “热障”现象指的是局部水温过高，昼夜温度都超过20摄氏度的现象。这种情况一旦发生，鱼类的迁徙就会受到影响。这种现象发生在哥伦比亚河与奥卡诺根河交汇处，奥卡诺根河在加拿大向北延申。由于依赖积雪补给，该地区容易出现低流量和高温。三文鱼通常会在华盛顿州布鲁斯特的这个地方停止逆流而上，等待水温回落到可以接受的水平再继续前行。科尔维尔部落鱼类和野生动物部首席生物学家Chris Fisher表示："我们正努力将与迁徙相关的死亡率降到最低。费舍尔所在的机构正在权衡是否可以从华盛顿州生态部管理的佐塞尔大坝放水，以增加水流量，帮助鱼群在开始沿奥卡诺根河洄游时更容易通过。通常情况下，鱼类需要两天的时间才能逆流而上 60 英里，但研究人员希望确保鱼类不会在这一过程中被困在高温的水里。

【Perspective】 Chris Fisher（Colville Tribes Fish and Wildlife Department）

The problem is what scientists call a “thermal barrier,” which marks the point at which the water temperature becomes too warm for the fish to continue their journey — typically over 68 degrees during both day and night. It’s found where the Columbia River meets the Okanogan River, which travels north into Canada and is reliant on snowpack and prone to low flows and high temperatures. The salmon will typically halt their upstream travels at this point in Brewster, Washington, while waiting for the water temperature to drop back to an acceptable level allowing them to move on. "We're trying to minimize any mortality associated with migration," said Chris Fisher, principal biologist at the Colville Tribes Fish and Wildlife Department. Fisher's agency is weighing whether water could be released from the Zosel Dam, managed by the Washington State Department of Ecology, increasing flows to ease the passage of the fish once the migration begins up the Okanogan River. Typically, it takes the fish about two days to travel the 60 miles upstream, but researchers want to ensure that the fish do not become trapped — should water temperatures drop and then rise back up during daytime highs — during that journey.

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2）【观点】 Matthew Nitschke（澳大利亚海洋科学研究所）

澳大利亚海洋科学研究所（AIMS）报告称，这是大堡礁首次受到全面白化的影响。航空调查显示，在1000 多个珊瑚礁中，约有 730 个正在经历白化，这可能是有记录以来范围最广的一次。 科学家们指出，尽管气候变化必须得到遏制，但他们希望在地球降温之前，可以通过实验性进化的方法让珊瑚变得更有韧性。这种方法涉及在高温下选择微生物培养物，具有提供解决方案的潜力。一旦这些耐热菌株被重新引入珊瑚中，就能为珊瑚礁提供对抗热应力的机会。未来，这种管理行动可以被广泛借用和部署。澳大利亚海洋科学研究所的海洋生物学家Matthew Nitschke表示：“我们可以在其他地方的高温环境下培育这些重要的珊瑚，并通过自然选择，筛选出少数几个具有遗传物质的细胞，使它们能够应对高温。”

【Perspective】Matthew Nitschke（Australian Institute of Marine Science)

For the first time, the entire reef is affected, according to the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS). Aerial surveys show that about 730 of the more than 1,000 reefs are experiencing bleaching, making it potentially the most extensive event on record.  While scientists say climate change must ultimately be curbed, they hope they can make corals stronger until the planet cools. Experimental evolution, where microbial cultures are selected under elevated temperatures, has shown potential as a solution. These heat-tolerant strains, once reintroduced into corals, could arm reefs with a fighting chance against thermal stress. That in the future, everyone can borrow and deploy this type of management action. “We can grow that essential coral somewhere else, under high temperatures. Then, through natural selection, we can find the few cells that have the genetic material that allows them to cope with high temperatures,” Matthew Nitschke, a marine biologist at the Australian Institute of Marine Science, says.

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3）【学术】海洋变暖削弱了渔业诱发的营养级联效应下新英格兰海藻林的恢复能力

生态学理论预测，当食草动物变得稀少时，在营养级联效应的作用下，海藻林应该会经历基础物种的恢复和持续存在。然而，气候变化可能会在海藻林改变这种自上而下的效应。这种影响对于缅因湾这种位于近几十年来迅速变暖地区的海藻林尤为明显。利用每年从绵延 350 公里海岸线的 30 多个地点收集的数据，我们研究了缅因州海藻林在渔业导致海胆类食草动物消失后约 20 年的动态。尽管 20 世纪末缅因州的海藻林（Saccharina latissima 和 Laminaria digitata）恢复面积很广，但我们发现缅因州东北部的海藻林此后经历了缓慢但显著的衰退，而西南部海藻林则发生了快速、大面积的崩溃。西南部森林的崩溃显然是因为海洋变暖直接或间接地使这一地区不适合海带生长。在使用计量经济学的因果技术对变化驱动因素进行建模时，我们发现前一年夏季海水温度异常高、春季海水温度异常高以及海胆密度高都对海带丰度产生了负面影响。这些驱动因素的相对威力和绝对影响因地域而异。我们的研究结果表明，海洋变暖正在重新定义该系统中自上而下驱动力的作用机制，即食草动物的减少并不必然导致基础海带的持续优势，也可能导致微弱的优势（东北部）或由 “草皮 ”类藻类定义的新阶段状态的出现（西南部）。这些发现强调，为了防止缅因州东北部仍然存在的大片海藻森林进一步消失，就必须限制气候变化并管理低食草的动物丰度。同时，这些发现表明了气候变化正在 “改写”自然界的规则，需要我们对生态理论和实践进行修订，以适应物种和过程的变化。

【Academic】Ocean warming undermines the recovery resilience of New England kelp forests following a fishery-induced trophic cascade

Ecological theory predicts that kelp forests structured by trophic cascades should experience recovery and persistence of their foundation species when herbivores become rare. Yet, climate change may be altering the outcomes of top-down forcing in kelp forests, especially those located in regions that have rapidly warmed in recent decades, such as the Gulf of Maine. Here, using data collected annually from 30+ sites spanning >350 km of coastline, we explored the dynamics of Maine's kelp forests in the ~20 years after a fishery-induced elimination of sea urchin herbivores. Although forests (Saccharina latissima and Laminaria digitata) had broadly returned to Maine in the late 20th century, we found that forests in northeast Maine have since experienced slow but significant declines in kelp, and forest persistence in the northeast was juxtaposed by a rapid, widespread collapse in the southwest. Forests collapsed in the southwest apparently because ocean warming has—directly and indirectly—made this area inhospitable to kelp. Indeed, when modeling drivers of change using causal techniques from econometrics, we discovered that unusually high summer seawater temperatures the year prior, unusually high spring seawater temperatures, and high sea urchin densities each negatively impacted kelp abundance. Furthermore, the relative power and absolute impact of these drivers varied geographically. Our findings reveal that ocean warming is redefining the outcomes of top-down forcing in this system, whereby herbivore removal no longer predictably leads to a sustained dominance of foundational kelps but instead has led to a waning dominance (northeast) or the rise of a novel phase state defined by “turf” algae (southwest). Such findings indicate that limiting climate change and managing for low herbivore abundances will be essential for preventing further loss of the vast forests that still exist in northeast Maine. They also more broadly highlight that climate change is “rewriting the rules” of nature, and thus that ecological theory and practice must be revised to account for shifting species and processes.

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4）【学术】沿海湿地因海平面上升发生的迁移及变化

沿海湿地不仅是世界上最有价值的生态系统之一，也是受到温室气体高排放导致海平面加速上升，面临巨大威胁的生态系统之一。一个有争议的问题是湿地朝陆地方向的迁移能在多大程度上补偿因海平面上升导致的靠海湿地的损失。通过整合美国本土 166 个河口的数据，我们发现沿海湿地的向陆地的迁移确实能改变海岸线，但不足以抵消海平面上升导致的损失。预计三分之二的潜在迁移将牺牲沿海淡水湿地，其余三分之一将侵占宝贵的高地资源，包括耕地、森林、牧场和草地。我们的分析强调了有必要充足准备以应对因海平面上升导致的沿海变化和湿地净损失。这要求我们采取适应性管理策略，以保护这些关键生态系统免受气候变化的不利影响。

【Academic】 Migration and transformation of coastal wetlands in response to rising seas

Coastal wetlands are not only among the world’s most valued ecosystems but also among the most threatened by high greenhouse gas emissions that lead to accelerated sea level rise. There is intense debate regarding the extent to which landward migration of wetlands might compensate for seaward wetland losses. By integrating data from 166 estuaries across the conterminous United States, we show that landward migration of coastal wetlands will transform coastlines but not counter seaward losses. Two-thirds of potential migration is expected to occur at the expense of coastal freshwater wetlands, while the remaining one-third is expected to occur at the expense of valuable uplands, including croplands, forests, pastures, and grasslands. Our analyses underscore the need to better prepare for coastal transformations and net wetland loss due to rising seas.

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5）【解读】 Catarina Frazão Santos（里斯本大学）： 将气候智能型海洋规划与治理引入公海

气候智能型海洋空间规划（MSP）的时代已经到来。然而其在国家管辖水域的应用缺乏动态和前瞻性的实践，在公海上的应用更是尚未开始。有一个新的五年期项目-PLAnT，将探索如何在全球变化的背景下规划南极洲和南大洋的海洋可持续利用和保护，为全球公海和国家水域气候智能型海洋保护规划提供经验。本次网络研讨会将介绍气候智能型海洋保护计划的主要内容，以及即将在 PLAnT 项目下开展的工作。这些工作包括 1）识别海洋利用和资源的现有条件；2）使用混合方法想象多种未来情景；3）识别通过海洋保护计划支持的气候行动，并探索确保动态和灵活治理和管理方法的途径；4）揭示影响（和限制）南极洲海洋保护计划的制定和实施的政治、社会和经济因素；5）探索可应用于其他地区的气候智能型海洋保护计划和国际水域海洋保护计划的经验教训。

【Interpretations】 Catarina Frazão Santos （the University of Lisbon） Taking Climate-Smart Ocean Planning & Governance to The High Seas

Climate-smart marine spatial planning (MSP) is an idea whose time has come. Yet, it has not been implemented properly in national waters (with dynamic and forward-looking practices) and not at all on the high seas. A new five-year project (PLAnT) will explore how to plan for sustainable ocean use and conservation in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean under global change, using it as a testbed for climate-smart MSP for the high seas and national waters globally. This webinar will present key components of climate-smart MSP, together with the upcoming work to be developed under PLAnT. Work to be developed under PLAnT includes: 1) identifying existing conditions for ocean uses and resources; 2) imagining multiple futures using a mixed-methods approach; 3) identifying climate actions to be supported through MSP and ways to ensure dynamic and flexible governance and management approaches; 4) unravelling the political, social, and economic factors that influence (and limit) MSP development and implementation in Antarctica; and 5) exploring lessons learned to be applied to other regions on both climate-smart MSP and MSP in international waters.

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6）【观点】 Melissa Christina Marquez (海洋生物学家, “联合鳍倡议”发起人)

在一档科普节目中，Marquez 解释了鲨鱼对维持海洋生态的重要性。1).Marquez指出：“一些食草鱼类会避开礁鲨巡逻的区域，这限制了它们捕食珊瑚礁中的藻类和海藻。因此，鲨鱼的存在实际上改变了珊瑚礁的动态。” 2). 长途迁移的鲨鱼排放的富含营养物质的粪便是为珊瑚礁提供稳定氮元素的重要肥料，说明鲨鱼有促进珊瑚礁生态稳定的作用。3) 鲨鱼在海洋生态网络内通过捕食其他食肉鱼类，在保持猎物数量平衡和生态系统稳定发挥重要作用。此外，Marquez还介绍了鲨鱼在减缓气候变化方面的作用。她分析了虎鲨在西澳大利亚海草床的行为，它们通过限制海龟和儒艮大量食用海草，维护了海草对二氧化碳的吸收能力，从而有助于维持海洋碳沉积物储量和气候调控。

【Perspective】Melissa Christina Marquez (Marine Biologist, founder of The Fins United Initiative）

In honor of this often misunderstood animal, the shark, we revisit our conversation with shark scientist Melissa Christina Marquez. Marquez begins by clearing up misconceptions about the importance of sharks in maintaining marine ecology.1).Marquez notes, "Some herbivorous fish avoid areas patrolled by reef sharks, which limits their ability to feed on algae and seaweeds in coral reefs. Thus, the presence of sharks actually changes the dynamics of the reef." 2). Marquez also affirms the role of sharks in the ecological stability of coral reefs by viewing the nutrient-rich feces emitted by long-distance migrating sharks as an important fertilizer that provides stabilizing nitrogen to coral reefs.3). Marquez emphasized the important role of sharks in maintaining prey population balance and ecosystem stability within marine ecological networks through predation on other predatory fish. In addition, Marquez described the role of sharks in mitigating climate change. She analyzed the behaviour of tiger sharks in seagrass beds in Western Australia, which, by limiting the consumption of large quantities of seagrass by sea turtles and dugongs, maintain the capacity of seagrasses to absorb carbon dioxide, thus contributing to the maintenance of marine carbon stocks and climate regulation.

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7）【观点】Lena (Aloysius) Hoblet （False Pass土著村庄的部落管理员） & Willow Hetrick（阿拉斯加中南部当地非营利组织的执行董事）

渔业长期以来一直是阿拉斯加州的经济、文化和社区的基石。展望未来，我们的渔业面临着无数的挑战和机遇，确保阿拉斯加这一重要组成部分的持续可持续发展和繁荣。我们必须深入了解不断变化的海洋，并投资于研究，这些研究将为我们提供如何以最佳方式适应这些不断变化的条件的信息。创新是有效适应的基础，阿拉斯加渔业的参与者--从家庭拥有的渔船到加工商，再到行业研发--都是创新者。阿拉斯加的商业海产品管理系统是为应对变化和适应新情况而建立的。在这个系统中，创新发挥着重要作用，确保了我们在面对不可预见的挑战方面时的适应性和灵活性。

【Perspective】 Lena (Aloysius) Hoblet（Tribal Administrator for the Native Village of False Pass） & Willow Hetrick（ Executive Director of a local non-profit in Southcentral Alaska ）

Alaska’s fisheries have long been a cornerstone of our state’s economy, cultures, and communities. However, as we look to the future of our fisheries, we face a myriad of challenges — and opportunities — to ensure the continued sustainability and prosperity of this vital part of Alaska. It is vital that we continue our understanding of the changing oceans, investing in research that informs how we can best adapt to these constantly evolving conditions. Continuing the management model focused on communities, ecosystems and science is essential to proactively managing our resources in the face of the changes taking place all around us. Innovation is a cornerstone of effective adaptation, and those involved in Alaska’s fisheries — from family-owned fishing boats to processors to industry research and development — are nothing if not innovative. Alaska’s commercial seafood management system has been built to change and adapt, with innovation playing a key role in ensuring  adaptation and flexibility in anticipation of unforeseen challenges.

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划区管理 Area-based Management

关键点

• 澳大利亚计划扩大赫德岛和麦克唐纳群岛周围的海洋保护区，旨在同时确保巴塔哥尼亚犬牙鱼渔业的可持续性。
• 博尼法乔海峡自然保护区的Ecopath模型评估显示，保护区的建立可能导致生态系统总体生物量的增加，并促进邻近区域生物量和多样性的提升。
• 海洋保护区扩展的不同规模将对未来渔业努力量的重新分配产生影响，这一过程受到网络设计、评估和实施等因素的影响。

犬牙鱼捕捞作业｜Christophe Delpont / TAAF

1）【观点】风险中的南极半岛（南极和南大洋联盟）：敦促建立海洋保护区并升级磷虾捕捞的管理

南极和南大洋联盟（ASOC）在本周举行的一次重要会议上敦促各国政府加强政治意愿，争取在保护南极半岛和加强磷虾渔业管理方面取得显著进展。磷虾渔业威胁到了从帝企鹅到蓝鲸等标志性掠食者赖以生存的关键物种——磷虾种群的繁衍。南极半岛是地球上变暖速度最快的地区之一，并且作为全球重要的生物多样性热点地区，也是工业化捕捞的目标。ASOC敦促南极海洋生物资源养护委员会（CCAMLR）的成员国抓住机遇，为南极半岛海洋保护区制定明确的路线图，并采取措施限制磷虾捕捞对环境的影响。通过保护南极半岛26万平方海里的原始海洋栖息地，并确保其余部分置于负责任的管理之下，可以帮助南极洲的物种适应气候驱动的环境变化并建立复原力。

【Perspective】Antarctic Peninsula at Risk (The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition): Global Leaders Urged to Designate Marine Protections and Update Krill Fishery

The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC) is urging governments at a key meeting happening this week to bolster political will and make urgently needed progress towards both protecting the Antarctic Peninsula and strengthening management of the krill fishery that threatens this keystone species relied on by iconic predators from emperor penguins to blue whales. The Antarctic Peninsula is one of the most rapidly warming places on our planet. It is also a globally important biodiversity hotspot being targeted by industrial fishing. ASOC is urging CCAMLR Members to seize the opportunity to set a clear pathway towards designating the Antarctic Peninsula MPA, while taking steps to limit the environmental impact of the krill fishery. Protecting 260,000 square miles of pristine marine habitats in the Peninsula –and putting the rest under responsible management – will give Antarctica’s species an opportunity to adapt and build resilience to climate-driven environmental changes.

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2）【解读】 NBSAP中的海洋保护（自然资源保护协会 梁书源 姚越）：提升MPA保护成效的三大路径

本文围绕保护生态系统的原真性和完整性、实现生态连通性以及评估保护有效性三个方面，介绍了国内外的相关研究和案例，旨在为提升我国海洋保护区（MPA）的保护成效提供参考。2024年4月，国际公益组织海洋保护研究所发布的海洋保护图集（MPAtlas）数据显示，全球仅有8%的海域面积被MPA覆盖。在时间和资源有限的情况下，实现海洋保护的30×30目标——即到2030年保护至少30%的全球海洋区域——和确定全球生物多样性保护的优先区域尤为重要。建立MPA时，需要针对预期的保护产出设定适当的保护级别。MPA的设计需要考虑到海洋生物栖息地的特征及海洋生物的生存需求，确保栖息地之间有良好的连通性。在MPA建立初期，需要考虑到保护有效性评估的实施方式，通过科学的方法持续收集数据，并根据结果进行适应性管理，逐步提高保护成效。

【Perspective】 Marine Conservation in NBSAP (Natural Resources Defense Council Liang Shuyuan Yao Yue): Three Paths to Enhance the Conservation Effectiveness of MPAs

This paper introduces relevant studies and cases at home and abroad from the three aspects of protecting the originality and integrity of ecosystems, achieving ecological connectivity, and evaluating the effectiveness of protection, so as to provide references for enhancing the conservation effectiveness of MPAs in China.20 In April 2024, data from the Marine Conservation Atlas (MPAtlas) released by the Marine Conservation Institute (MCI), an international public interest organisation, showed that MPAs cover only 8% of the global of the world's marine area. With limited time and resources, it is particularly important to identify priority areas for global biodiversity conservation in order to achieve the Oceans30 target. MPAs need to be established with appropriate levels of protection for the expected conservation outputs, and their design needs to take into account marine habitat characteristics and the survival needs of marine organisms, and ensure good connectivity between habitats. At the initial stage of MPA establishment, it is necessary to take into account the way of evaluating the effectiveness of protection, collect data in a scientific way and carry out adaptive management according to the results, so as to gradually improve the effectiveness of protection.

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3）【学术】海洋保护区与赫德和麦克唐纳附近的犬牙鱼捕捞活动

7月5日，澳大利亚政府宣布了一项计划，将在赫德岛和麦克唐纳群岛周围增加保护超过30万平方公里的海域。这些海域位于塔斯马尼亚西南方4,000多公里的南大洋。根据该计划，现有的海洋保护区将得到扩大，覆盖澳大利亚属地极地前沿南部专属经济区（EEZ）的90%。环境部长Tanya Plibersek表示：“海洋保护区面积扩大四倍，将为更多岛屿周围的海洋以及栖息在这些海洋中的海豹、信天翁和鲸鱼提供保护。”她补充说，“这一提案将使澳大利亚一半的海洋得到保护，同时允许可持续的渔业继续发展。” 例如，南极寒冷水域的鳕鱼种类——巴塔哥尼亚犬牙鱼渔业，每年为澳大利亚带来1亿美元的收入。此外，Marc Eleaume指出：“我们认为气候变化可能会对保护区内的鱼类产生影响，例如极锋的波动、水下热浪等。” 为了确保保护区内的鱼类得到充分保护，需要避免如底拖网或科学采样等人为行为造成的干扰。 这些区域的管理需要进一步评估。这些评估将有助于制定更加周全的保护措施，确保海洋保护区的生态价值得到长期维护。

【Academic】Marine protected areas and toothfish fishing around Heard and McDonald

On July 5th, the Australian government announced a plan to increase the protection of over 300000 square kilometers of sea around Heard Island and the McDonald Islands. These waters are located in the Southern Ocean, over 4000 kilometers southwest of Tasmania. According to the project, the existing marine protected areas will be expanded to cover 90% of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the southern polar frontier of Australia. Environment Minister Tanya Plibersek said, "Expanding the area of marine protected areas fourfold will provide protection for the oceans surrounding more islands, as well as for the seals, albatrosses, and whales that inhabit these oceans." She added, "This proposal will protect half of Australia's oceans while allowing sustainable fisheries to continue to develop." For example, the Patagonian toothfish fishery, a cod species in the cold waters of Antarctica, brings in $100 million in annual revenue for Australia. In addition, Marc Eleaume pointed out, "We believe that climate change may have an impact on fish in protected areas, such as fluctuations in polar frontiers, underwater heat waves, etc." To ensure that fish in protected areas are fully protected, it is necessary to avoid interference caused by human activities such as bottom trawling or scientific sampling. The management of these areas needs further evaluation. This assessment will help develop more comprehensive protection measures to ensure the long-term maintenance of the ecological value of marine protected areas.

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4）【学术】博尼法乔海峡自然保护区（BSNR）：通过比较海洋保护区模型研究生态系统功能

博尼法乔海峡自然保护区是位于科西嘉岛的地中海海洋保护区（MPA），其特点是岩石海岸、陡峭的水深变化以及对海洋资源的规管开发。在本研究中，我们更新了2010年的BSNR Ecopath模型，重新评估了保护区建立13年后的影响，并结合了更准确的捕捞估算，尤其是娱乐性渔业的捕捞数据。该模型包括四个初级生产者组、十四个无脊椎动物组、两个软骨鱼组、十六个硬骨鱼组、一个海鸟组和一个鲸豚组。BSNR模型描绘了一个地中海生态系统，其中食鱼类和头足类动物将初级生产者与顶级捕食者（宽吻海豚、齿鲷和石斑鱼）联系起来，强调了复杂的营养关系。尽管生态系统面临适度的渔业压力，但模型显示各组之间压力不均，例如鳐鱼特别容易受到渔网的影响。此外，混合营养影响分析显示，各渔业船队之间不存在资源竞争，表明整体上娱乐性渔业和手工渔业彼此没有影响。通过比较地中海区域内的MPA模型，我们的研究表明，MPA的建立可能会增加其边界内生态系统的总体生物量。这种丰富可能会溢出到邻近地区，从而增加那些地区的生物量和多样性。在更多开发的MPA中，更高的Finn循环指数和消费与总系统吞吐量比值表明，渔业活动对猎物资源施加了更大的压力，迫使生态系统进行优化调整。

【Academic】Bonifacio strait natural reserve (BSNR): Investigating ecosystem functioning through comparative modelling of marine protected areas

The Bonifacio Straits Natural Reserve is a Mediterranean Marine Protected Area (MPA) located in Corsica, characterized by rocky coasts, steep bathymetry, and regulated exploitation of marine resources. In this study, we updated the BSNR Ecopath model from 2010, providing a re-evaluation of the MPA's impact 13 years after the reserve's establishment and incorporating improved catch estimates, particularly for recreational fisheries. The model encompassed four primary producer groups, fourteen invertebrate groups, two Chondrichthyes groups, sixteen teleost groups, one seabird group, and one cetacean group. The BSNR model depicted a Mediterranean ecosystem where piscivorous fishes and cephalopods link primary producers to top predators (Tursiops truncatus, Dentex dentex and Epinephelus marginatus), emphasizing complex trophic relationships. Although the ecosystem faced moderate fishing pressure, the model revealed uneven pressure among groups, with rays, for example, being particularly vulnerable to fishing nets. Additionally, a mixed trophic impact analysis revealed an absence of competition among fishing fleets for resources, suggesting that, overall, recreational and artisanal fisheries do not impact each other. By comparing MPA models across the Mediterranean Sea, our research suggests that MPA establishment might enhance the overall biomass of ecosystems within their boundaries. This abundance can spill over into adjacent areas, thereby increasing biomass and diversity in those regions. In more exploited MPAs, higher values for the Finn cycling index and the consumption to total system throughput ratio indicated that fishing activities increased pressure on prey resources by diminishing the system's energy, pushing the ecosystem to optimize recycling.

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5）【资源】庆祝2024年MPA日：MPA指南——如何设计和修改海洋保护区以实现有效保护

加入我们的特别MPA日网络研讨会，深入了解MPA指南——这是一个能够显著增强全球海洋保护努力的重要资源。本次活动专为海洋保护人士、政策制定者、研究人员以及任何对海洋保护充满热情的人而设计。在研讨会上，您将有机会向知名海洋保护专家学习：Dr. Judy Mann-Lang 将介绍MPA日及其起源，Jannica Haldin 将分享如何将MPA日引入波罗的海地区，Dr. Kirsten Grorud-Colvert 将探讨如何利用MPA指南来改善海洋保护区。通过参与本次网络研讨会，不仅可以获得宝贵的知识和洞见，还能与志同道合的专业人士建立联系，共同促进海洋保护的进程。

【Resources】Celebrating MPA Day 2024: MPA Guide – How to Design & Modify MPAs to Make Effective Protection a Reality

Join us for a special MPA Day webinar as we present the MPA Guide, an essential resource that you can make use of to enhance marine protection efforts worldwide. This event is designed for marine conservationists, policymakers, researchers, and anyone passionate about ocean conservation. Learn from renowned marine conservation experts: Dr. Judy Mann-Lang presenting MPA Day and its origins, Jannica Haldin on bringing MPA Day to the Baltic region, and Dr. Kirsten Grorud-Colvert on how the MPA Guide can be used to improve marine protected areas.

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6）【学术】海洋保护区的全球扩张与捕捞活动的重新分配

扩大海洋保护区（MPAs）已经成为全球保护工作的一个核心组成部分，这在致力于到2030年保护30%海洋的'30x30'倡议中得到了明显的体现。我们已经探索了各种规模的MPA网络扩展方案，并且预测了增加保护措施将如何改变全球的捕捞活动模式。为了进行这些预测，我们开发了一个预测性机器学习模型，这个模型利用了基于卫星追踪的渔船监测数据、现有的海洋保护区定位，以及结合了时间、空间环境因素、地理、政治和经济特征的全球数据集来进行训练。接下来，我们运用这个模型来预估在不同MPA扩张方案下的捕鱼量，并将其与不包含新增MPA的“一切照旧”情景进行了对比。通过这些比较，我们观察到了由于MPA扩张引起的捕捞努力量的预期变动。研究结果显示，不论MPA网络的目标或规模怎样，在MPA内的渔捞努力量都有所减少，但这种减少量远远没有达到100%。同时，我们还注意到，MPA内的捕捞强度降低并不会导致捕捞努力量简单直接地转移到MPA之外；事实上，MPA外的捕捞强度也可能会降低。预计全球渔捞努力量减少的程度主要和网络与目前渔捞努力量之间的关系有关。MPA的扩展预期会引发全球渔捞努力量的再分配，这应该在网络的设计、执行和效果评估中得到充分考虑。这样做可以确保MPA网络有效地达到其保护目的，同时尽量减少对渔业社区可能产生的负面影响。

【Academic】Global expansion of marine protected areas and the redistribution of fishing effort

The expansion of marine protected areas (MPAs) is a core focus of global conservation efforts, with the "30x30" initiative to protect 30% of the ocean by 2030 serving as a prominent example of this trend. We consider a series of proposed MPA network expansions of various sizes, and we forecast the impact this increase in protection would have on global patterns of fishing efforts. We do so by building a predictive machine learning model trained on a global dataset of satellite-based fishing vessel monitoring data, current MPA locations, and spatiotemporal environmental, geographic, political, and economic features. We then use this model to predict future fishing efforts under various MPA expansion scenarios compared to a business-as-usual counterfactual scenario that includes no new MPAs. The difference between these scenarios represents the predicted change in fishing efforts associated with MPA expansion. We find that regardless of the MPA network objectives or size, fishing efforts would decrease inside the MPAs, though by much less than 100%. Moreover, we find that the reduction in fishing efforts inside MPAs does not simply redistribute outside-rather, fishing effort outside MPAs would also decline. The overall magnitude of the predicted decrease in global fishing effort principally depends on where networks are placed in relation to existing fishing effort. MPA expansion will lead to a global redistribution of fishing effort that should be accounted for in network design, implementation, and impact evaluation.

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海洋治理 Ocean Governance

关键点

• 通过加强国际海事组织与《BBNJ协定》缔约方合作，探讨在马尾藻海和哥斯达黎加热带圆顶区应用特别敏感海区(PSSA) 提案的机会。
• 六个国家和地区的案例研究揭示了渔业准入安排中的信息不一致性和分析方法的多样性。
• 三家主要保险公司将深海采矿排除在承保范围之外，反映了金融行业对深海采矿环境和金融风险的日益关注。

尾鱼在泰国湾岛屿涛岛附近的海面下游动｜Sirachai Arunrugstichai Getty Images

1）【观点】 Dawn Borg Costanzi 与 Elaine Young （皮尤慈善信托基金会）

联合国粮食及农业组织（FAO）上个月发布了最新的全球渔业和水产养殖状况报告，这份报告批评各国政府未能妥善管理共同的海洋资源，令人失望。尽管有成功案例，如部分曾被过度捕捞的金枪鱼种群的恢复，但生物可持续范围内的鱼类种群数量从1974年的90%下降到2021年的62%，过度捕捞仍是海洋健康的主要威胁。为了改善全球渔业状况，粮农组织渔业委员会（COFI）成员国必须采取以下行动：1）重新承诺实施基于生态系统的渔业管理（EBFM）；2）更有效地规划和应对气候变化对渔业的影响；3）加强努力防止非法、不报告和不受监管（IUU）的捕鱼活动；4）增强渔业对多边协议实施的贡献。各国在建立监管框架方面已取得显著进展，使得成员能够控制其水域、船队、港口和市场，并采用更全面的渔业管理方法，如基于生态系统的渔业管理（EBFM）。现在，世界需要加强合作，将这些承诺付诸实践，并弥补剩余的差距。

【Perspective】 Dawn Borg Costanzi（Senior Manger）& Elaine Young （Officer）

Last month, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) released its latest report on the state of the world’s fisheries and aquaculture, and it is a disappointing indictment of how governments are managing our shared ocean resources. Despite some success stories, including the recoveries of some previously overfished tuna species, the number of fish populations within biologically sustainable limits has decreased from 90% in 1974 to 62% in 2021, and overfishing remains the greatest threat to ocean health. COFI members must take several actions to improve the world’s fisheries: recommit to an ecosystem approach to fisheries, or ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM); better plan for the effects of climate change on fisheries; strengthen efforts to prevent IUU fishing; and enhance fisheries’ contributions to delivery of multilateral agreements. Nations have come a long way with the regulatory frameworks for members to control their waters, fleets, ports and markets, and with more holistic approaches to fisheries management such as EBFM; the world now needs enhanced collaboration to put these commitments into practice and close the remaining gaps.

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2）【资源】《生物多样性计划》和《BBNJ协定》：在能力建设和海洋技术转让方面的协同作用

文章探讨了能力建设和海洋技术转让（CBTMT）方面的共同要素及其实施手段。文章强调，《生物多样性公约》（CBD）在30年的实施过程中积累的经验和共享的实践，为《BBNJ协定》及其附属机构的操作提供了有益的借鉴。优先在相关的CBD框架下开展CBTMT活动，促进CBD和BBNJ协定的协同效益，这对实现这两个协定的目标具有重要价值。各国政府需要提交国家生物多样性战略和行动计划（NBSAPs），以符合CBD第16次缔约方会议（COP16）上实现《生物多样性计划》目标和指标的要求。对NBSAPs的全球分析将评估进展情况，确定这些努力是否按计划进行，或者是否需要修订以提高效果。具体而言，NBSAP过程为与BBNJ协定的协同作用提供了机会。考虑到海洋的互联性和海洋生物多样性的跨界特性，在CBD下制定应对生物多样性危机的国家战略和行动计划时，可以体现缔约方加强对国际生物多样性倡议和治理进程的承诺，作为整体应对海洋生物多样性危机的一部分。

【Resource】 a new briefing that was published last week on synergies between BBNJ & the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) on Capacity building & transfer of marine technology

This article examines common elements focusing on capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology (CBTMT) and the means of implementation for these provisions. It highlights where the CBD’s experience from 30 years of implementation and shared community of practice could offer helpful learnings to the BBNJ agreement and to the operationalisation of its subsidiary bodies. It elaborates that prioritising CBTMT activities under the relevant CBD frameworks to deliver co-benefits between the CBD and the BBNJ would be highly valuable to contribute towards the objectives of both agreements. Governments are required to submit National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) that align with achieving the goals and targets of The Biodiversity Plan by CBD COP16. The global analysis of NBSAPs will assess progress and determine whether the efforts are on track, or if there is a need to revise them to increase ambition. Concretely, the NBSAP process offers an opportunity for synergy with the BBNJ agreement. Taking into account the interconnectedness of the ocean and the transboundary nature of marine biodiversity, the process of developing national strategies and action plans on tackling the biodiversity crisis under the CBD could include Parties’ commitment to strengthening contributions to international biodiversity initiatives and governance processes, as part of a holistic approach to tackling the ocean biodiversity crisis.  

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3）【学术】在国家管辖范围以外的区域设立特别敏感海域

虽然国际海事组织（IMO）的特别敏感海域（PSSA）概念已实施超过30年，但至今没有国家提出在公海设立PSSA的提案。尽管航运对公海生物多样性构成明显威胁，但一直未有应对措施。然而，联合国通过的BBNJ协定为公海治理开创了新篇章，并首次在全球层面上创建了一个法律机制，用于建立基于区域的管理工具（ABMTs）。这一新协议不仅加强了在公海利用PSSA制度的论据。并且促进国际海事组织及其成员国在国家管辖范围以外的区域（ABNJ）使用PSSA的管理制度。本文探讨了将两个特定的公海区域（马尾藻海和哥斯达黎加热带圆顶区）划分为PSSA需要解决的实际问题。同时，文章考虑了加强国际海事组织和BBNJ协定缔约方之间的合作，以推进PSSA提案的机会。

【Academic】Designating Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction

While the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) concept has been operational for over 30 years, no state has ever brought forward a proposal for a high seas PSSA. This is despite the fact that shipping demonstrably poses a threat to high seas biodiversity. The adoption, by the United Nations, of a new implementing agreement for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement) opens a new chapter in the governance of the high seas, and creates, for the first time, a legal mechanism, agreed at the global level, for the establishment of area-based management tools (ABMTs). This new agreement strengthens the arguments for utilizing the PSSA regime in the high seas and, as a consequence, has implications for the IMO, and how its member states consider the potential application of PSSAs in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ). Drawing on recent discussions concerning the potential to designate two specific high seas areas as PSSAs, namely, the Sargasso Sea and the Costa Rica Thermal Dome, this article examines the practical issues to be addressed when applying the PSSA concept to the high seas and considers the opportunities for advancing PSSA proposals through enhanced cooperation between the IMO and the parties to the BBNJ Agreement.

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4）【资料】粮农组织： 远洋渔业准入安排的制度和经济视角

本报告是在2022年由联合国粮食及农业组织（FAO）发布的“远洋渔业准入安排映射”案头研究的进一步拓展。本阶段对渔业准入安排（FAA）的经济动态、政策驱动因素和制度框架进行了深入分析。研究涵盖了三个资源持有国家或地区（加纳、纳米比亚和太平洋岛国和地区）以及三个资源寻求国家或地区（日本、欧盟和中国）的六个综合案例研究。主要发现来源于案头研究，利用了各种学术、政策、媒体和咨询来源。此外，报告还汇集了众多贡献者的广泛研究经验，这些经验来源于访谈数据以及与行业、政府和民间社会的合作中。这种多维度的研究方法确保了分析的全面性和深度。

【Resource】FAO： Institutional and economic perspectives on distant-water fisheries access arrangements

This report is an extension of the desk study "Mapping access arrangements for distant-water fisheries," published by FAO in 2022. Expanding upon the initial mapping phase, this stage conducts a more targeted examination of the economic dynamics, policy drivers, and institutional framework of fishing access arrangements (FAA). Six comprehensive case studies of three resource-holding countries or regions – Ghana, Namibia, and the Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs); and three resource-seeking countries or regions – Japan, the European Union, and China – are analyzed. The findings of this report are predominately derived from desk research utilizing a variety of scholarly, policy, media, and consultancy sources. Additionally, it leverages the extensive research experiences of the numerous contributors, which are reflected in interview data and partnerships with industry, government, and civil society.

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5）【观点】Andy Whitmore（深海采矿倡议投融资专员）

三家主要保险公司——汉诺威再保险公司（Hannover Re）、苏黎世保险集团（Zurich Insurance Group）和维也纳保险集团（Vienna Insurance Group，简称VIG）——已与瑞士再保险公司（Swiss Re）一道，决定将深海采矿（DSM）排除在其承保范围之外。这一决策不仅体现了金融行业对深海采矿相关环境和金融风险的日益关注，也展示了对此类行业风险评估的严格性。深海采矿运动（Deep Sea Mining Campaign，简称DSMC）的投融资倡导专员Andy Whitmore表示：“这些领先保险公司排除深海采矿的立场向整个金融行业发出了一个强有力的信息，即关于深海采矿的可行性。” 他还指出：“随着一流的保险公司拒绝承保深海采矿，这类采矿公司面临的财务负担和风险正变得越来越大。深海采矿的监管最终可能要求公司在获得采矿许可证之前必须购买保险，这个风险在加拿大金属公司（The Metals Company，简称TMC）的例子中得到了体现。尽管相关法规尚不完善，该公司试图从国际海底管理局（ISA）那里获得采矿许可证，但在其年度报告中提到了无法获得保险的风险。” DSMC表示，它将继续致力于应对深海采矿对海洋构成的威胁，采取结合研究、倡导和与前线社区及国际合作伙伴合作的策略。

【Perspective】 Andy Whitmore（finance advocacy officer at the Deep Sea Mining Campaign (DSMC)）

Three major insurers, Hannover Re, Zurich Insurance Group, and Vienna Insurance Group (VIG), have joined Swiss Re in excluding deep sea mining (DSM) from their underwriting portfolios. This decision highlights a broader trend within the financial industry, underscoring increasing concerns over the environmental and financial risks tied to DSM.“The stance of these major insurance companies to exclude DSM sends a powerful message to the entire financial sector about the viability of DSM,” said Andy Whitmore, finance advocacy officer at the Deep Sea Mining Campaign (DSMC), an association of non-government organisations and individuals who advocate against commercial exploitation of oceans. “With leading insurers refusing to cover DSM, the financial burden and risks become increasingly insurmountable for companies pursuing this type of mining. And the regulations for DSM should eventually require insurance in order for companies to receive a mining licence. The risks are exemplified by The Metals Company (TMC), which is attempting to secure a mining licence from the ISA despite incomplete regulations. TMC themselves note the risk of not being able to obtain insurance in their annual report to the Security Exchanges Commission,” he said. The DSMC said it remains dedicated to addressing the threats posed by deep sea mining to the oceans, using a strategy that combines research, advocacy, and collaboration with frontline communities and international partners.

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