导语 Introduction

关键点

本期蓝色脉搏继续关注蓝色经济。基于总量-配额捕捞管理是实现可持续捕捞的重要管理手段，但是其管理成本之高和对管理水平的要求往往让发展中国家望而却步。印尼通过一段时间的准备，计划于2025年开始全面实施配额捕捞制度，电子化工具在降低管理成本上发挥了重要作用。尽管其具体实施还面临多种挑战，但是其实践可以为广大发展中国家“多快好省”地建立配额管理制度提供有益的借鉴。此外，海上风电作为减缓气候变化的重要措施已经得到了认可，但是其在本地尺度对生态环境的影响还需要更多的研究。本期收录的一篇论文对当前的相关研究进行了回顾，识别了海上风电的建设和运行对于本地生态系统服务的可能影响，同时也承认这方面还存在很大的知识缺口。世界经济论坛的文章则建议将海上风电“自然向好”的关注进一步延申至其价值链，包括原材料、组件制造市场、设计规划、工程服务、维护和维修等。最后，本期还收录了粮农组织最新发布的《可持续水产养殖准则》。这一文件反映了全球对于这一问题的方向性共识，为这一迅速发展的产业的系统性转型划出了重点。

Highlight

This issue of Blue Pulse continues to look into blue economy. Quota-based fisheries management is an important policy tool for achieving sustainable fisheries, but it is often seen as too costly and demanding for developing countries to manage. Indonesia has been preparing for the full implementation of a quota-based fisheries management system in 2025.  Electronic tools have played an enabling role in reducing management costs. Although there are still many challenges in its implementation, its practice can provide useful reference for developing countries to establish quota-based management systems in more efficient ways. In addition, offshore wind has been recognized as an important mitigation measure, but its ecological impacts at the local scale need more research. A research paper in this issue reviews current research and identifies the possible impacts of offshore wind construction and operation on local ecosystem services, while recognizing that there are significant knowledge gaps in this area. An article from the World Economic Forum suggests that offshore wind's “nature positive” concerns extend further into its value chain, including raw materials, component manufacturing markets, design and planning, engineering services, maintenance and repair. Finally, this issue also includes the newly released FAO Guidelines for Sustainable Aquaculture. This document reflects a global consensus on this issue and sets the priorities for a systemic transformation of this rapidly growing industry.

蓝色经济 Blue Economy

关键点

• 海上风电作为一种清洁能源，其对于生物多样性的影响还需要更多关注。
• FAO水产养殖委员会发布了《可持续水产养殖准则》
• 印尼计划在2025年全面实施配额捕捞制度，积极协调渔民生计和环境保护。

海上风电｜Unsplash

（1）【观点】Erika Feller（海洋管理委员会美洲负责人）

为了保护海洋，我们必须确保可持续的渔业获得优先支持，其渔获可以优先上市。如今，根据我所在的组织—海洋管理委员会（Marine Stewardship Council）制定的严格标准，全球已有550个野生捕捞渔场获得了可持续认证，其中包括美国84%的上岸渔获。这是个积极信号，这表明了我们掌握有效的方法：以科学为基础的管理制度、限制特定种群捕捞量的规则，以及终止非法、无管制和未报告的捕捞活动。我们呼吁政策制定者和企业界的领导者全面实施并执行可持续海产品政策，实现可持续渔业和健康海洋。我们的共同努力将对海洋生物的保护产生积极影响，并确保我们所依赖的海产品的长期可持续性，从而促进海洋生态系统的健康繁荣。

【Perspective】Erika Feller（ Americas lead for the Marine Stewardship Council）

To protect our oceans, we must ensure sustainable fisheries are prioritized and resourced. Today, 550 wild capture fisheries around the world have been certified sustainable according to the rigorous standard set by my organization — the Marine Stewardship Council — that includes 84% of U.S. landed fisheries. That’s good news because we know what works: science-based management regimes, rules that limit how much of a certain stock can be caught, and ending illegal, unregulated, and unreported fishing. This work is part of a solution that already exists to address the environmental and social challenges facing the global seafood industry. We are calling on leaders in the policy and business communities to implement and enforce sustainable seafood policies across the board so we can achieve sustainable fishing and healthy oceans for future generations. Our collective efforts will influence the perservation of marine life and ensuring the long-term sustainability of the seafood we rely on to secure a thriving ocean ecosystem.

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（2）【解读】谢茜（海洋行动之友项目负责人（中国），世界经济论坛）& 秦海岩（中国风能协会）：海上风能如何成为同时有利于自然的气候解决方案？

海上风电作为一种重要的海洋气候解决方案，在全世界得到了高速发展。它在减少温室气体排放以外的环境影响也受到了关注。目前对于其区域性环境影响的研究集中在其建设和运营阶段的可能影响，对于其价值链的关注依然不足。海上风电公司在推动系统性变革以促进自然向好的经济方面依然具有巨大潜力。除了技术解决方案外，还可以与价值链上的利益相关者一起探索更多机会，并投资于基于自然的解决方案。

【Interpretations】Xi Xie（Friends of Ocean Action, China, World Economic Forum）&Qin Haiyan （Chinese Wind Energy Association）： How can offshore wind be a nature-positive climate solution?

As an important ocean-based climate solution, offshore wind has received widespread attention worldwide. It plays a pivotal role in combating climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. For example, some companies are actively promoting technological innovation, responsible procurement mechanisms, multi-industry integration and other models to protect and restore nature. By the end of 2023, according to China Wind Power Industry Mapping 2023, China had reached an offshore wind installed capacity of approximately 37.7 million kilowatts, representing about half of the global total. There is great potential for offshore wind companies to promote systemic change for a nature-positive economy. Besides technological solutions, it is necessary to explore more opportunities with stakeholders across the value chain and to invest in nature-based solutions, such as blue-carbon ecosystems. The World Economic Forum’s Sector Transitions to Nature Positive initiative aims at scaling and speeding up sector-specific business action by: developing and aligning ambitious, practical and widely-accepted sector-specific actions, disseminating sector-specific actions to a global audience and addressing the barriers to implementing sector-specific actions.

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（3）【解读】李薇（自然资源保护协会 ）& 甘可盈（深圳大学）：印尼配额捕捞制度的设计、实施和挑战

印尼的渔业主要依赖生计渔业，渔民收入较低，这促使印尼政府寻找新的管理策略，以挖掘海洋渔业的经济潜力。为了在资源环境保护与社会经济发展之间实现最佳平衡，印尼政府计划在2025年全面实施配额捕捞制度。这一制度要求生计渔民报告渔获产量，这可能解决长期存在的数据缺口问题。试点中引入ePIT系统，不仅实现了渔船登记、捕捞日志记录、适航许可签发和资源费征收的电子化管理，而且显著提升了管理效率和数据准确性，展现了政府在政策设计中的细致和创新精神。该制度通过为生计渔民提供充足的捕捞配额、自由选择的捕捞区域、豁免资源费以及部分监测要求的减免等方式来平衡生计渔民与产业渔民两方的利益。然而，中央和地方政府、渔业部门与港务等部门之间如何实现有效协调合作，以及允许5总吨以下渔船在12海里以外捕捞是否回增加安全风险等问题都仍需要进一步探讨。

【Interpretation】 Li Wei (Natural Resources Defense Council) & Gan Keying (Shenzhen University) Design, Implementation and Challenges of Quota Fishing System in Indonesia

Indonesia's fisheries are predominantly subsistence fisheries with low incomes for fishermen, forcing the Indonesian government to find new management methods to unlock the economic potential of marine fisheries. In order to find the best balance between resource environmental protection and socio-economic development, the Indonesian government plan to apply quota system to all fisheries in 2025. For the first time, subsistence fishermen are required to report their catch, potentially changing the legacy of huge data gaps. The ePIT system was introduced in pilot projects to not only achieve electronic management of fishing vessel registration, fishing logbook records, seaworthiness permit issuance, and resource fee collection, but also greatly improve management efficiency and data accuracy, reflecting the government's meticulousness and innovation in policy design. The system balances the interests of both subsistence and industrial fishers by providing subsistence fishers with adequate quotas, free fishing areas, exemptions from resource fees, and a portion of monitoring requirements. However, effective coordination and cooperation between the central and local governments, the fisheries sector and port authorities, etc., as well as whether allowing fishing vessels of less than five gross tonnes to fish beyond 12 nautical miles increases the safety risk have yet to be explored.

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（4）【解读】美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）建议为转型栖息地恢复和海岸复原项目提供近 2.2 亿美元资金

美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）建议今年为 32 个变革性栖息地恢复和海岸复原项目提供近 2.2 亿美元的资金，并计划在未来几年再提供 6600 万美元的资金。这些项目得到了拜登-哈里斯政府通过的 “两党基础设施法案” 和 “通货膨胀削减法案” 的资金支持。这些资金将有助于减少对西毛伊岛奥洛瓦卢珊瑚礁的陆源污染影响，并支持珊瑚礁在面对变化时的适应能力。这是加强美国沿海生态系统及社区气候适应能力的历史性投资。

【Interpretations】NOAA Recommends Nearly $220 Million in Funding for Transformational Habitat Restoration and Coastal Resilience Projects

NOAA Recommends Nearly $220 Million in Funding for Transformational Habitat Restoration and Coastal Resilience Projects NOAA is recommending nearly $220 million in funding for 32 transformational habitat restoration and coastal resilience projects this year, as well as an additional $66 million in funding in future years. The projects are funded under the Biden-Harris Administration's Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and Inflation Reduction Act. This is a historic investment in strengthening the climate resilience of our nation’s coastal ecosystems and communities.

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（5）【学术】海上风电场对生态系统服务的全球影响

了解海上风电场（OWF）对生物多样性和生态系统服务（ES）的全球影响，对于制定可持续能源转型策略至关重要。本研究采用了一种全面的方法，结合半系统性审查和创新的分析技术，以评估海上风电场建设和运营对生物多样性和生态系统服务的影响。基于从 132 项经过同行评审的研究中提取的 314 项证据，本研究为确定生态和环境影响提供了依据。研究结果表明，在施工阶段对不同生态主题组的影响中，负面影响（52%）占主导地位，而正面影响仅占（8%），其中包括一些鱼类物种（如鲣鱼、鳕鱼、鳕鱼、鲽鱼）和一些鸟类物种（如斑鸠、北鹱、红头鹱）表现出强烈的负面趋势。运营阶段的影响更为多变，可能是负面的（32%），也可能是正面的（34%），这取决于具体地点的条件。对鱼类、贝类、人类和空气表面研究的更详细调查显示，风电场运行对这些主题组的净影响为正。将研究结果转化为环境、社会和生态影响后发现，发现有 14 种环境、社会和生态服务受到海上风电场建设和运行的影响。其中对商业渔业和体验式娱乐的正面影响非常显著。无论地理位置如何，当地社会对新建和假设的海上风电场的接受度普遍偏高。对生态系统服务最为显著的负面影响可能包括对具有重要文化价值的群体（如海洋哺乳动物和鸟类）的损害，以及外来物种的传播。总体而言，本研究发现超过 86% 的近海风电场对环境、社会和生态的影响仍然未知。此外，关于海上风电场退役和深水浮动结构影响的研究相对有限，且研究主要集中在北半球和发达国家。

【Academic】The global impact of offshore wind farms on ecosystem services

Understanding the global impact of offshore wind farms (OWF) on biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES) is crucial in developing sustainable energy transition pathways. This study takes a holistic approach, coupling a semi-systematic review with a novel analytical methodology, to consider the consequences of construction & operation of OWF deployment on biodiversity and ES. 314 pieces of evidence taken from 132 peer-reviewed studies provide the basis to determine the ecological and ES impacts. The process showed that construction impacts were predominantly negative across the ecological subject groups (52%), compared with positive impacts (8%) with several species of fish (e.g. brill, cod, dab, plaice) and some species of birds (e.g. common guillemot, northern fulmar, redhead) showing strongly negative trends. Operational phase impacts were more variable and could be either negative (32%) or positive (34%) depending on site specific conditions. More detailed investigations into fish, shellfish, humans and air-surface studies recorded a net positive effect of wind farm operations on these subject groups. Translation into ES outcomes identified that 14 ES are impacted by the construction and operation of OWF. The most substantially enhanced ES included effects on commercial fisheries and experiential recreation. Social acceptance toward new and hypothetical OWF was also strongly positive, irrespective of country location. Negative effects on ES, including existence values for culturally important groups, e.g., marine mammals and birds and the spread of non-native species, are potentially of most significance. Overall, this study finds more than 86% of possible offshore wind farm impacts on ES are still unknown. There was also a paucity of studies on the decommissioning of OWF and the impacts of deeper-water floating structures, with a bias in studies toward northern hemisphere and developed countries.

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（6）【学术】自下而上： 渔业改进项目对墨西哥多种小型渔业资源趋势的影响

在发展中国家，小型渔业对社会经济至关重要，是收入、食物和就业的重要来源。然而，大多数渔业缺乏评估其状况所需的基本信息（如渔获量和努力量），导致管理不善。渔业改进项目（FIP）要求深入了解捕捞鱼类的状况，因此成为社区推动的加强管理的有效途径。我们采用了一种基于渔获量的、适用于数据贫乏情况的方法，评估了墨西哥参与 FIP 的 10 个物种的种群趋势。由于上岸报告不一致，大多数被评估种群需要进行数据重建。这些重建工作使用了参与 FIPs 的社区所生成的数据，这些数据可以为评估模型提供关键信息。研究结果显示，大多数鱼类种群正在面临过度捕捞的问题，这可能与过去十年的上岸量增加有关。 FIP 数据中的丰度指数被纳入模型，以提高种群估算的准确性。这些结果为了解渔业状况和确定实施更深入分析所需的数据提供了起点。改进项目能够在缺乏官方数据的情况下填补信息空白，为数据贫乏的渔业提供评估模型，从而有助于推动小型渔业的可持续发展。

【Academic】From bottom to up: Effects of fishery improvement projects on the stock trends of multi-specific small-scale fisheries from Mexico

Small-scale fisheries are socioeconomically crucial in developing countries as a source of income, food, and employment. However, most fisheries lack the basic information (e.g., catch and effort) needed to evaluate their status and are poorly managed. Fishery Improvement Projects (FIP) have emerged as a community-driven option to enhance management since they require the status of harvested stocks. We assessed the stock trends of ten species involved in FIPs in Mexico, using data-poor methods based on catches. Due to inconsistencies in landing reports, data reconstructions must be made for most of the stocks evaluated. Data generated by communities involved in FIPs was used to refine these reconstructions and to inform assessment models. Results showed that most stocks are experiencing overfishing, which may be related to landing increases for the last ten years. Abundance indexes from FIP data were included in the models to improve stock estimations. These results are a starting point for understanding the status of the fisheries and identifying data needed to implement a more robust analysis. Improvement projects represent an opportunity to fill these gaps and inform assessment models for data-poor fisheries when official data is unavailable and will help foster the sustainability of small-scale fisheries.

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（7）【资源】《可持续水产养殖准则》

《可持续水产养殖准则》（GSA）是根据成员国的要求，在粮农组织渔业委员会水产养殖分委员会的指导下，采用包容、透明和参与的方式编写的。GSA提供了一个全面的管理和发展框架，以支持成员国和其他利益相关方实施1995年的《负责任渔业行为守则》。作为世界上增长最快的食品生产领域之一，水产养殖业在科学进步、技术创新和投资的推动下迅速发展，全球对水产食品的需求不断增长，这促使GSA的制定。 GSA强调问责、公平和效率等原则，目的是最大限度地降低风险，并确保资源的可持续分配。为实现这些目标，各国和利益相关方之间的合作至关重要，鼓励各国利用国家级平台来推动GSA的实施。 GSA作为全球适用的标准，承认水产养殖领域的动态，并旨在通过定期更新以反映新出现的问题，促进在追求可持续水产养殖发展过程中的持续改进和适应。

【Resource】Guidelines for Sustainable Aquaculture

The Guidelines for Sustainable Aquaculture (GSA) were prepared at the request of Members in an inclusive, transparent and participatory manner under the guidance of the Sub-Committee on Aquaculture of the FAO Committee on Fisheries. The GSA offer a comprehensive framework for the management and development of sustainable aquaculture and are designed to support Members and other stakeholders in the implementation of the 1995 Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. The GSA were created in response to the rapid expansion of aquaculture, the fastest-growing food production sector in the world, driven by scientific progress, technological innovations and investment, amid a consistently increasing global demand for aquatic foods. However, as with all food production sectors, this rapid growth has exposed challenges to the sustainability of aquaculture and raised concerns about potential negative impacts. By emphasising principles such as accountability, equity, and efficiency, they aim to minimise risks and ensure sustainable resource allocation. To achieve these goals, collaboration among States and stakeholders is crucial, and States are encouraged to facilitate the use of national-level platforms to implement the GSA. The GSA, designed for global applicability, acknowledge the dynamic nature of the aquaculture sector and are designed to be periodically updated to reflect emerging issues, thereby promoting continuous improvement and adaptation in the pursuit of sustainable aquaculture development.

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气候与海洋 Climate and Ocean

关键点

• 部分北极地区受热穹顶现象的影响，气温持续上升，创下历史新高。
• 德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校的科学考察小组通过探索格陵兰岛沿海冰川，研究气候变化对冰川的影响。
• 绿鳍基金会与多个机构合作，推出了一套新工具包，旨在应对当前全球范围内的珊瑚白化现象。

挪威斯瓦尔巴群岛的冰层因最近的高温而迅速融化｜Copernicus EU

（1）【解读】伊恩-利文斯顿（“首都（华盛顿）气象帮”信息负责人）：创纪录的热浪正在炙烤北极地区

受多个强热穹顶现象的影响，北极部分地区的气温异常升高，比正常气温高出 30 到 40 度。过去一周，热穹顶现象从阿拉斯加北部一直延伸到加拿大的哈德逊湾，连续创下一轮又一轮的历史性高温记录。在北极的另一侧，斯堪的纳维亚的北极地区同样经历了一个较小但同样持续的热穹顶。人类活动引发的气候变化加剧了异常温暖，特别是在那些变暖速度达到全球平均水平三倍的地区。美国国家海洋和大气管理局最近宣布，7月高温标志着全球气温连续第14个月刷新历史记录。然而，由于这些高纬度地区气温升高，一些通常出现在这些地区的冷空气被转移到了中纬度地区--为美国中部和东部部分地区的酷暑提供了暂时的缓解。

【Interpretations】Ian Livingston (information lead for the Capital Weather Gang): Record-setting heat waves are baking the Arctic region

Parts of the Arctic are enduring exceptionally high temperatures — up 30 to 40 degrees above normal — because of multiple intense heat domes. One intense heat dome has progressed from northern Alaska to Canada’s Hudson Bay over the past week, delivering round after round of historically high temperatures. A smaller but equally persistent heat dome has been toasting parts of Scandinavia’s Arctic on the opposite side of the North Pole. The exceptional warmth — intensified by human-caused climate change — is affecting a region that has warmed three times as much as the global average. And it’s happening as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration just announced July was the 14th successive month with record-high global temperatures. At the same time, Arctic sea ice levels are nearing their annual minimum and are the fourth lowest on record to date. The usual low point for the season arrives by mid- or late September. As these high-latitude locations have heated up, some of the cool air normally found there has been displaced into the mid-latitudes — offering temporary relief from scorching summer heat in parts of the central and eastern United States.

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（2）【解读】德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校：探索格陵兰的水下冰川——科学家预测海平面上升的突破性使命

德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校的科学家小组开始了为期四周的考察，目的是探索格陵兰沿海冰川的水下边缘，以更深入地理解未来海平面上升的情况。考察队首席科学家、同时也是德克萨斯大学地球物理研究所（UTIG）和德克萨斯大学地球与行星科学系研究教授Ginny Catania 指出，研究的核心问题是沉积物在减缓冰川融化中的作用。科学家们还将进行广泛的海底勘测，并采集沉积物样本，这将帮助他们追溯历史，分析过去的气候变化如何影响冰川融化速度。

【Interpretations】University of Texas at Austin: Exploring Greenland's Underwater Glaciers: Scientist's Groundbreaking Mission To Predict Sea Level Rise

A team of scientists from the University of Texas at Austin have embarked on a four-week expedition to explore the underwater edges of Greenland's coastal glaciers to learn more about future sea level rise. In collaboration with international partners, the scientists will investigate processes that control how these giant glaciers melt and what that means for the future of the Greenland ice sheet, which has about 23 feet (7 meters) of potential sea level rise locked away in its ice. A key research question is the role of sediments in slowing glacial melt, said the expedition's chief scientist Ginny Catania, a research professor at the University of Texas Institute for Geophysics (UTIG) and UT's Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences. Joining the researchers is a robotic submersible that will gather measurements of the glaciers' underwater walls and sediment-laden meltwater, a feat that’s never been attempted up close. The scientists will also conduct extensive surveys of the seafloor and gather sediment cores that will let them wind back the clock to see how past periods of climate change affected glaciers.

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（3）【解读】Dr. Michael Wenger（极地期刊）：极地地区持续升温

南极的阿蒙森-斯科特站和沃斯托克站等地的气温异常，比正常水平高出10°至15°C 。上周的卫星测量显示，整个地区的气温异常，比长期平均值高出30°C。尽管南极洲其他地区的气温也高于平常，但南极半岛和罗斯海地区等一些地区的气温异常值却比正常值低达 20°C。尽管气温较低，但专家们已经在谈论另一场热浪，类似于2022年3月的极端情况，当时气温比正常水平高出40°C。不过，使用“相对化”一词在这里是恰当的，因为气温仍然在两位数的负值范围内。最近的暖流可能还会持续几天，其原因总体上还不清楚。不过，专家们认为，距地面约30公里的平流层中的极地涡旋减弱是导致一现象的部分原因。极地涡旋是环绕极地的平流层中的冷空气和低压系统带。这一系统通常在冬季稳定地笼罩着该地区，维持低温。当它受到大气中暖空气波的干扰时，涡旋运动减弱，导致暖空气被带入并向下输送至地面，从而推高了气温。

【Interpretations】Dr. Michael Wenger (Polar Journal): The Polar Retrospective - The heat is on in polar regions

Places like the Amundsen-Scott Station at the South Pole or the Vostok Station, which holds the record for the lowest temperature ever measured on Earth, recorded temperatures that were between 10° and 15°C above normal. Last week, satellite measurements  showed air temperature anomalies of up to 30°C above the long-term average for the entire region. Other areas of Antarctica are also showing higher temperatures than usual, while some parts, such as the Antarctic Peninsula and the Ross Sea region, are showing anomalies that are up to 20°C lower than normal. Despite the latter temperatures, experts are already talking about another heatwave like the one in March 2022, when temperatures were up to 40°C above normal. However, the term “relativize” is appropriate here, as temperatures are still in the mid-double-digit minus range. The reasons for the recent warm spell, which is likely to continue for a few more days, are still generally unclear. However, experts believe that a weakened polar vortex in the stratosphere, around 30 kilometers above ground, is partly responsible. The polar vortex is a band of cold air and low-pressure systems in the stratosphere around the poles. When this band, which is usually stable over the region in winter and ensures low temperatures, is disturbed by atmospheric waves of warm air, the vortex movement is weakened and warm air is brought into the region, which is then transported downwards and causes air temperatures to rise above normal.

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（4）【学术】在种群负增长的情况下，珊瑚自然恢复

随着气候变化的影响日益加剧，许多海洋种群正面临衰退，要确保这些种群的恢复和复原能力，种群数量统计非常关键。对于某些种群来说，恢复潜力仍然很大。我们对Pocillopora属珊瑚种群进行了为期9年（2012-2020年）的监测，以评估其恢复情况。这些种群在 2009 年的一场强台风后经历了灾难性的崩溃。监测初期的高初始补充量促成了幼体种群的建立，并迅速发展为性成熟的成体。在干扰后的6年内，成体在种群中占据了主导地位。因此，监测期间珊瑚覆盖率在此期间从 1.1% 显著增加至 20.2%。为了识别种群恢复和增长率（λ）的关键驱动因素，我们采用了核取样积分预测模型（IPMs），并构建了八个连续模型来分析年度变化。 IPM能够捕捉最初3年中繁殖特征作为关键种群驱动因素，而个体增长在整个监测期间持续作为关键因素。监测期间的两次五级台风事件中，IPMs进一步检测到繁殖输出的脉冲，这突显了受干扰珊瑚种群的关键恢复机制。尽管恢复迅速，表现为珊瑚覆盖率的增加、单个珊瑚群的增长和低死亡率，但IPMs估计的 λ 值主要是负的，表明种群数量实际上在减少。事实上，虽然 λ 意味着个体数量的变化，但珊瑚种群的恢复也可能是由存活珊瑚群规模的扩大所驱动的。我们的研究结果强调，积累有关历史动态的长期数据并应用IPMs来识别种群驱动因素，对于全面而稳健地理解生态并预测未来变化至关重要。

【Academic】Natural coral recovery despite negative population growth

Demographic processes that ensure the recovery and resilience of marine populations are critical as climate change sends an increasing proportion on a trajectory of decline. Yet for some populations, recovery potential remains high. We conducted annual monitoring over 9 years (2012–2020) to assess the recovery of coral populations belonging to the genus Pocillopora. These populations experienced a catastrophic collapse following a severe typhoon in 2009. From the start of the monitoring period, high initial recruitment led to the establishment of a juvenile population that rapidly transitioned to sexually mature adults, which dominated the population within 6 years after the disturbance. As a result, coral cover increased from 1.1% to 20.2% during this time. To identify key demographic drivers of recovery and population growth rates (λ), we applied kernel-resampled integral projection models (IPMs), constructing eight successive models to examine annual change. IPMs were able to capture reproductive traits as key demographic drivers over the initial 3 years, while individual growth was a continuous key demographic driver throughout the entire monitoring period. IPMs further detected a pulse of reproductive output subsequent to two further Category 5 typhoon events during the monitoring period, exemplifying key mechanisms of resilience for coral populations impacted by disturbance. Despite rapid recovery, (i.e., increased coral cover, individual colony growth, low mortality), IPMs estimated predominantly negative values of λ, indicating a declining population. Indeed, while λ translates to a change in the number of individuals, the recovery of coral populations can also be driven by an increase in the size of surviving colonies. Our results illustrate that accumulating long-term data on historical dynamics and applying IPMs to extract demographic drivers are crucial for future predictions that are based on comprehensive and robust understandings of ecological change.

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（5）【资源】珊瑚礁世界基金会推出新工具包应对当前全球珊瑚白化事件

珊瑚礁世界基金会的全球珊瑚白化事件应对工具包旨在为海洋旅游业提供指导，帮助他们管理和监测珊瑚白化的影响，并积极参与恢复工作。该工具包详细介绍了珊瑚白化的相关信息，包括其原因、影响和应对策略。该工具包汇集了多个组织和倡议——包括珊瑚礁倡议、珊瑚礁联盟、珊瑚礁检查非政府组织和美国国家海洋和大气管理局——提供的现成资源，以及UNEP绿鳍倡议的资料，确保其广泛可用。这些资源包括减少对当地珊瑚礁影响的方法、监测珊瑚礁的技术和促进游客及当地社区参与的策略。珊瑚礁世界基金会希望，通过向业界提供必要的知识和工具，能使这些关键利益相关者在保护我们宝贵的珊瑚礁生态系统的健康和恢复力方面发挥重要作用。它们相信，凭借正确的资源，海洋旅游业不仅能成为抗击珊瑚白化的力量，还能为海洋环境的长期可持续性做出显著贡献。

【Resource】Reef-World Launches New Toolkit in Response to The Current Global Coral Bleaching Event

The Green Fins Global Coral Bleaching Response Toolkit provides guidance to the marine tourism industry on how they can help manage and monitor the impacts of coral bleaching and get involved in recovery efforts. It features information about coral bleaching, including the causes, impacts and response strategies. The toolkit is compiled from a variety of readily available resources from multiple organizations and initiatives, such as ICRI, Coral Reef Alliance, Reef Check and NOAA, along with Green Fins materials, to ensure it is accessible to everyone. These resources cover methods for reducing local impacts, monitoring the reefs and engaging tourists and local communities. By equipping the industry with the necessary knowledge and tools, Reef-World hopes to empower these key stakeholders to play a crucial role in preserving the health and resilience of our precious coral reef ecosystems. Reef-World believes that with the right resources, the marine tourism industry can be a driving force in the fight against coral bleaching and contribute significantly to the long-term sustainability of marine environments.

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划区管理 Area-based Management

关键点

• 环礁作为热带海鸟栖息地的重要性，对维持岛屿的自然功能起到了关键的支持作用。
• 针对哥斯达黎加北太平洋海岸海洋保护区的研究显示，即便在保护区的执行力度有限的情况下，它依然能够为珊瑚礁鱼类群落带来持续的生态效益。
• 影响社会对国家公园的接受度的主要因素包括四个方面：对公园社会影响的看法、对管理机构的信任、社会人口学特征以及公民参与的条件。

在墨西哥下加利福尼亚州洛斯·伊斯洛特斯岛海狮栖息地，一只海狮幼崽在一群饵鱼附近嬉戏｜Brent Durand/Getty Images

（1）【解读】Will Sennott：渔民抗议持续关闭北缘渔场（美国）

北缘地区是乔治斯滩（Georges Bank），一个广阔而富饶的渔场的最北端。扇贝产业受到轮换管理制度的严格控制。监管机构、科学家和产业领袖定期开放和关闭特定区域进行捕捞，旨在促进种群增长，同时将捕捞活动转移到其他区域。近年来，据称目前开放捕捞区域的扇贝种群已接近其生长周期的末端。国内扇贝的上岸量已从 2019 年的 6000 万磅下降至 2022 年的约 3000 万磅。与此同时，北缘地区的扇贝种群在蓬勃发展，据四月份提交的政府调查报告，北缘地区的扇贝数量已从2017年的约1100万磅增长至2023年的2700万磅。然而，理事会成员在讨论持续关闭的理由时明确指出，尽管北缘地区的扇贝数量丰富，但如果损害了产卵栖息地，可能会导致整个产业的螺旋式下滑。

【Interpretation】Will Sennott: Fishermen protest ongoing closure of Northern Edge

The Northern Edge is the northernmost portion of the broad and productive fishing grounds called Georges Bank. The scallop industry is regulated under a rotational system of management. Regulators, scientists and industry leaders routinely open and close certain areas to fishing to encourage population growth while concentrating fishing efforts in other areas. In recent years, they said, scallop populations in the areas currently open to fishing have reached the end of their cycle. Domestic landings have declined from 60 million pounds in 2019 to about 30 million pounds in 2022. Meanwhile, scallop populations in the Northern Edge have boomed, growing from an estimated 11 million pounds in 2017 to 27 million pounds last year, according to a combination of government surveys presented in April. However, council members made clear in their rationale that even though the Northern Edge is flush with scallops, jeopardizing the spawning habitat could cause a downward spiral for the industry.

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（2）【解读】（自然资源保护协会 梁书源 姚越）NBSAP中的海洋保护：OECM的识别与国际实践

生态环境部于今年初发布了《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划（2023-2030年）》（以下简称2023版NBSAP），首次在国家政策层面将OECM(其他有效的基于区域的保护措施 ) 纳入作为生物多样性保护的工具。COP14对OECM的定义是：除保护区之外的地理定义区域，其管理和治理方式能够实现对生物多样性的积极且持久的长期就地保护成果。同时，还能带来相关的生态系统功能和服务，并在适当情况下保护文化、精神、社会经济以及其他本地价值。识别和设立OECM需要遵循一套特定的流程。每个OECM候选区都需进行个案分析。基于此，可以初步筛选那些在法律法规上可能符合OECM定义的管理区域和类别。将国际标准和案例与国内实践相结合，有助于制定符合我国实际的OECM识别标准，推动OECM标准化进程，为“30 × 30目标”的实现做出贡献。

【Interpretations】(Natural Resources Defense Council Liang Shuyuan & Yao Yue) Marine Conservation in National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans: Identification of OECM and International Practice

China's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2023-2030) (hereinafter referred to as the 2023 version of NBSAP) released by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEC) earlier this year, includes OECM as a biodiversity conservation tool for the first time at the national policy level. COP14 defines OECM as geographically-defined areas, other than protected areas, that are managed and governed in a way to achieve positive and durable long-term results in in situ conservation of biodiversity while bringing relevant ecosystem functions and services. The identification and establishment of an OECM follows a specific process. Each OECM candidate area must be analysed on a case-by-case basis. On this basis, a preliminary screening of management areas and categories that may meet the OECM definition in terms of laws and regulations can be carried out. Comparing international standards and cases with domestic practices can help to develop OECM identification standards that are in line with China's actual situation, promote the OECM standardisation process, and contribute to the realisation of the "30×30 goal".

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（3）【学术】环礁是全球重要的热带海鸟栖息地

海鸟对岛屿生态发挥着至关重要的作用。海鸟通过其排泄物中的养分输入，促进陆地和海洋的生产力，维持岛屿生态系统的自然功能。在印度洋-太平洋地区环礁占所有岛屿的三分之一，尽管环礁占所有岛屿的约三分之一，但其总面积仅约占岛屿总面积的0.02%。除了几个关键环礁之外，海鸟的筑巢地——环礁——一直未受到应有的重视。我们汇集了全球环礁海鸟调查数据集，并对所有印度洋-太平洋环礁的海鸟分布及其营养沉积进行了模拟。我们的研究发现，37种海鸟选择环礁作为繁殖地，数量从几十只到超过300万只不等。据估计，共有 3,120 万只海鸟在环礁上筑巢，大约占全球热带海鸟总数的 25%。有 14 个物种的全球种群中，超过一半以上在环礁上筑巢。海鸟在环礁周围 10,000-100,000 平方公里的区域内觅食，平均每个环礁每年沉积 65,000 千克氮和 11,000 千克磷，成为热带印度洋-太平洋地区的主要营养来源。我们的发现突显了环礁在全球热带海鸟保护中的极端重要性。鉴于全球环境的变化，保护工作应充分利用环礁保护，以惠及全球热带海鸟的重要群体。

【Academic】Atolls are globally important sites for tropical seabirds

Seabirds play critical roles on islands. By catalysing terrestrial and marine productivity through guano nutrient input, seabirds support natural island functioning. In the Indo-Pacific, atolls comprise one-third of all islands but only ~0.02% of island area. The importance of atolls as seabird nesting grounds has been historically neglected except on a few key atolls. We compiled a global dataset of seabird surveys on atolls and modelled seabird distribution and nutrient deposition on all Indo-Pacific atolls. We found that atolls are breeding sites for 37 species, ranging from a few dozen to more than 3 million individuals per atoll. In total, an estimated 31.2 million seabirds nest on atolls, or ~25% of the tropical seabirds of the world. For 14 species, more than half of their global populations nest on atolls. Seabirds forage more than 10,000–100,000 km² around an atoll and deposit, on average, 65,000 kg N and 11,000 kg P per atoll per year, thus acting as major nutrient pumps within the tropical Indo-Pacific. Our findings reveal the global importance of atolls for tropical seabirds. Given global change, conservation will have to leverage atoll protection and restoration to preserve a relevant fraction of the tropical seabirds of the world.

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（4）【学术】哥斯达黎加北太平洋海岸海洋保护区经济投入增长与环境治理之间的关系：基于珊瑚礁鱼群的研究

在捕捞压力的影响下，珊瑚礁鱼类群落的生物量、丰度和体型结构经常会发生变化。建立海洋保护区（MPA）有助于缓解这些负面影响。然而，在面临财政和社会经济挑战的发展中国家，海洋保护区的成功在很大程度上取决于有效的监管和执法。本研究采用水下视觉调查（UVS）和带饵远程水下视频站（BRUVS）技术，评估了哥斯达黎加北太平洋沿岸禁渔区内外的鱼类——包括具有经济价值的鱼种（例如捕捞目标鱼种和观赏鱼种）和具有重要生态作用的鱼种（如小型和大型食肉动物及食草动物）——的种群密度、体型分布和生物量。禁捕区和开放捕鱼区的鱼类丰度和体型分布呈现出显著差异。这表明即便海洋保护区内可能存在非法捕鱼行为，某些鱼类群落的组成部分仍能从保护措施中获益。例如，草食性鱼类和观赏鱼在海洋保护区内显示出较高的生物量和丰度，这些鱼类通常是手工捕鱼和水族馆贸易的捕捞对象。该研究还强调了栖息地质量的重要性，尤其是高珊瑚覆盖率对于提升观赏鱼生物量方面的关键性作用。这些发现表明，即使监管力度有限，海洋保护区也能持续为珊瑚礁鱼类群落带来生态效益。

【Academic】Study on the relationship between economic input growth in Marine protected areas and environmental governance in the North Pacific Coast of Costa Rica: Based on reef fish assemblages

Reef fish communities under fishing pressure often experience reduced biomass, abundance, and altered size structure. The establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) can help mitigate these declines. However, the success of MPAs, especially in developing countries with financial and socioeconomic challenges, largely hinges on effective enforcement. This study utilized underwater visual surveys (UVS) and baited remote underwater video stations (BRUVS) to evaluate population density, size distribution, and biomass of both economically valuable (e.g., target and ornamental species) and ecologically important (e.g., small/large predators and herbivores) fish groups within and outside a no-take MPA on the northern Pacific coast of Costa Rica. The results indicated that protective measures did not significantly affect the biomass of economically valuable fish species. However, there were notable differences in fish abundance and size distribution between no-take zones (where fishing is prohibited) and open-fishing zones. This suggests that, despite potential illegal fishing activities within the MPA, certain fish community components benefit from the protective measures. Specifically, herbivores and ornamental fish, which are often targeted by artisanal compressor fishing and the aquarium trade, exhibited higher biomass and abundance levels within the MPA. Additionally, significant shark species such as Galeocerdo cuvier, Carcharhinus leucas, and Carcharhinus limbatus were exclusively found within the MPA. The study also highlighted the crucial role of habitat quality, particularly high coral cover, in enhancing the biomass of ornamental fish. This research contributes to the growing body of evidence that MPAs, even with limited enforcement, consistently offer ecological benefits for reef fish communities

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（5）【学术】沿海和海洋保护区的社会认可度： 克罗斯港国家公园（法国）

海洋保护区的效果受到密切关注，因为在很大程度上，它们有效性的高低决定了我们应对生物多样性减少的能力。本文探讨了2022年《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》下，作为全球生物多样性保护目标的一部分，保护政策改革的关键条件。本文研究了受海洋保护区直接影响的当地社区，以及这些社区对海洋保护区社会接受度的决定因素。本研究重点关注 1963 年建立的法国克罗斯港国家公园。随着时间的推移，该公园的管理方式、周边环境和内部分区的不断演变，一度引起过当地居民的反对，同时也凸显了获得当地社区认可的重要性。本文基于对保护区内及周边城市 569 名居民的问卷调查结果，重点介绍了影响社会对国家公园认可度的因素。我们采用的方法源自一个欧洲研究项目，该项目开发了一套用于确定社会参数之间相互作用的方法规程，这些参数是支持程度的特征，并已被应用于20个国家公园。我们的研究结果显示，社会对国家公园的接受度相当高，主要影响因素包括四个方面：对公园社会影响的看法、对管理机构的信任、社会人口学特征以及公民参与的条件。此外，我们还观察到了空间上的差异。我们的分析进一步揭示了制约接受度的因素，为探索当地社区在何种条件下能感到更有权力并参与保护区管理提供了洞见。

【Academic】Social acceptance in coastal and marine protected areas: Port-cros national park (France)

The effectiveness of marine protected areas is a timely issue, as the fight against biodiversity loss depends significantly on how effective these areas are. This article explores a key condition for meeting the challenge of improving conservation policies, as part of the global targets for biodiversity conservation, following the 2022 Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. The paper explores the determinants of social acceptance of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) by local communities impacted directly by MPAs designation. We focus on the Port-Cros National Park (France), which was established in 1963. The park has seen its governance, perimeter and internal zoning evolve over time, generating local opposition and underlining the importance of acceptance by local communities. This article highlights the factors that play a role in the social acceptance of this National Park based on the results of a questionnaire survey including 569 residents of the municipalities in and around the protected area. The approach we followed is part of a European research project that has developed a methodological protocol to identify interactions between social parameters that characterise the level of support and has been applied in 20 national parks. Our results reveal a high level of social acceptance for the National Park, with four main factors influencing acceptance: perceptions of the social impacts of the park, trust in management authorities, sociodemographic characteristics and conditions for citizen participation. Spatial disparities are also demonstrated. Our analysis also enables us to explain the components of constrained acceptance: this opens possibilities to explore the conditions under which local communities can feel more empowered and participate in the governance of the protected area.

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海洋治理 Ocean Governance

关键点

• 以马尾藻海的治理为例，国际机构间管理范围仍存在空缺，需要通过协同策略共同保护。
• 加勒比地区的小岛屿发展中国家举办了《BBNJ协定》的地区性会议，目的是帮助这些国家更好地理解协定的背景框架和相关程序。
• 《BBNJ协定》关注国家管辖范围之外区域的海洋遗传资源，旨在促进各国之间公平、公正的利益共享。

一头大翅鲸在马尾藻之中游过｜Andrew Stevenson

(1) 【观点】新当选秘书长开启国际海底管理局“新篇章”

国际海底管理局（ISA）大会选举巴西的Leticia Reis de Carvalho担任新任秘书长。根据《地球谈判公报》（ENB）报道，“新任秘书长将面临平衡或解决在国家管辖范围外的海床和洋底及其底土进行活动（包括商业性深海采矿）时所涉及的各种相互竞争的利益和方法的挑战。” 大会就秘书长提交的2024 年度国际海底管理局秘书处活动报告进行了深入讨论，代表们对于第二次定期审查以及国际海底管理局保护和保全海洋环境的总体政策的看法存在分歧。尽管《联合国海洋法公约》（UNCLOS）规定了明确的义务，但关于启动“区域”国际制度第二次定期审查进程的建议并未在大会上达成共识。在闭会期间举行非正式对话以制定国际海底管理局保护和保全海洋环境的总体政策的提议遭到了强烈反对，也没有被纳入下一年度的议程。

【Perspective】Election of New Secretary-General Opens "New Chapter" for ISA

The International Seabed Authority (ISA) Assembly elected Leticia Reis de Carvalho of Brazil as the new ISA Secretary-General. According to the Earth Negotiations Bulletin (ENB), "he incoming Secretary-General will need to balance or resolve competing interests and approaches toward activities in the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction (the Area), including commercial deep-sea mining." The Assembly held lengthy discussions on the 2024 annual report of the Secretary-General on the activities of the ISA Secretariat, with delegates expressing polar views on the second periodic review and on an ISA general policy on the protection and preservation of the marine environment. Despite clear obligations under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the suggestion for initiating a process for the second periodic review of the international regime of the Area did not garner consensus. Having met strong opposition, the proposal to hold an intersessional informal dialogue for the development of an ISA general policy for the protection and preservation of the marine environment was not even included on next year’s agenda.

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（2）【解读】实施《BBNJ协定》的挑战：以马尾藻海治理为例

马尾藻是一种终生浮游在海面上的藻类。它们通过复制与分裂在开阔的海面上繁殖，并浮在海面上，同时吸引了许多鱼类聚集在它们下面。马尾藻海的重要性不仅在其于作为海洋生态系统的内在价值，作为一种碳汇，更在于其丰富的生物多样性。马尾藻海的大部分海域都位于各国的国家管辖范围之外，其治理也相相对分散。马尾藻海区域尚未建立类似于《保护东北大西洋海洋环境公约》（OSPAR）的环境管理机制，缺乏一个整体性的治理框架。这也是马尾藻海委员会的初衷，旨在弥补这些空缺。现有治理上的空缺。我们希望与现有的国际和部门性机构合作，根据《联合国海洋法公约》，为马尾藻海提供更有效的保护。 同时，利用该地区的经验来评估现有的国家管辖范围以外区域治理体系的优势和不足。

【Interpretations】Challenges in implementing the BBNJ Agreement: the example of the Sargasso Sea project

Sargassum is a life-long planktonic alga. It colonises and floats around the open ocean by replicating and dividing, and attracts many fish to congregate underneath them. The Sargasso Sea is important not only for its intrinsic value as a marine ecosystem or a carbon sink, but also for the rich biodiversity it contains. Much of the Sargasso Sea lies beyond the national jurisdiction of States and its governance is relatively fragmented. The Sargasso Sea region also lacks an environmental management mechanism such as the OSPAR Convention and a framework for holistic governance. This is why the Sargasso Sea Commission was established in the first place, and we hope to fill these gaps. To work with existing international and sectoral bodies to provide better protection for the Sargasso Sea under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea; and to use the region's experience to illustrate what works and what doesn't in the existing system of governance for areas beyond national jurisdiction.

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（3）【学术】在 ABNJ 指定特别敏感海区

虽然国际海事组织（IMO）的特别敏感海区（PSSA）概念已经实施超过30 多年，但至今尚无任何国家提出在公海设立PSSA的建议。尽管航运明显对公海的生物多样性构成威胁。联合国通过了新的《BBNJ协定》，为公海治理开启了新的篇章，并首次在全球层面区里建确立了建立区域管理工具（ABMTs）的法律机制。这一新协议强化了在公海利用特别敏感海区制度的论据，并对IMO及其成员国在考虑ABNJ应用特别敏感海区制度产生了影响。本文参考了最近关于指定两个特定公海区域（即马尾藻海和哥斯达黎加热穹）指定为PSSA可能性的讨论，探讨了在公海应用PSSA概念时需解决的实际问题，并考虑了加强IMO与《国家管辖范围以外区域协定》（BBNJ）缔约方之间的合作，以推进PSSA提案的机会。

【Academic】Designating PSSAs in ABNJ

While the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) concept has been operational for over 30 years, no state has ever brought forward a proposal for a high seas PSSA. This is despite the fact that shipping demonstrably poses a threat to high seas biodiversity. The adoption, by the United Nations, of a new implementing agreement for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement) opens a new chapter in the governance of the high seas, and creates, for the first time, a legal mechanism, agreed at the global level, for the establishment of area-based management tools (ABMTs). This new agreement strengthens the arguments for utilizing the PSSA regime in the high seas and, as a consequence, has implications for the IMO, and how its member states consider the potential application of PSSAs in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ). Drawing on recent discussions concerning the potential to designate two specific high seas areas as PSSAs, namely, the Sargasso Sea and the Costa Rica Thermal Dome, this article examines the practical issues to be addressed when applying the PSSA concept to the high seas and considers the opportunities for advancing PSSA proposals through enhanced cooperation between the IMO and the parties to the BBNJ Agreement.

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(4) 【学术】国际海底区域勘探开发资格的认定——《联合国海洋法公约》有效控制条款解释及适用

《联合国海洋法公约》《联合国海洋法公约》中关于国际海底区域勘探开发资格的“有效控制”条款表述含糊，国际海底管理局遵循监管控制解释方法，导致开发资格标准过于宽松，从而放任了“借壳开发”的实践。单一的监管控制标准模糊了国籍与有效控制的界限，加强了发达国家在国际海底区域开发中的主导地位，这严重违反了人类共同继承财产的原则。对“有效控制”条款的解释与适用应当参考国际法中对资源实际控制能力的界定，以及国内法中对企业经营管理影响的实践，引入经济控制要素，并在《联合国海洋法公约》的框架内，综合运用各种条约解释方法。构成要件可以参考领土主权中的有效控制概念，区分为表达排他性控制意愿的主观要素和展示监管控制及经济控制实际联系的客观要素。对后者的判定应基于实质性审查，以监管控制为常规原则，将经济控制作为特殊情况处理。经济控制的判断应基于实际控制人身份、利润分配路径，以及申请主体中主要经营管理和人事控制机构成员的国籍，进行逐步评估。鉴于中国正处于深海立法的探索阶段，应当充分利用法律解释工具，为全球深海治理议题提供中国的智慧和方案。

【Academic】Determination of eligibility for exploration and exploitation in the international seabed area -- interpretation and application of the effective control provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

The provision on 'effective control' in the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on eligibility for exploration and exploitation in the international seabed area is ambiguous, and the International Seabed Authority has adhered to the idea of regulatory control in its interpretation, resulting in overly lax eligibility criteria for exploitation, which has condoned the practice of 'shell exploitation'. The single criterion for regulatory control confuses the concepts of nationality and effective control, reinforces the dominant position of developed countries in the development of the international seabed area, and seriously violates the principle of the common heritage of mankind. In interpreting and applying the effective control clause, we should draw on the experience of the actual control of resources in international law and the influence on management in domestic law, introduce the element of economic control, and make comprehensive use of treaty interpretation methods under the framework of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The constituent elements could be divided into the subjective element of the will to exercise control exclusively and the objective element of the existence of a practical link between regulatory control and economic control, with reference to effective control in territorial sovereignty. The latter should be determined by adopting a substantive review position, with regulatory control as the principle and economic control as the exception. Among them, economic control shall be judged gradually by the actual controller, the flow of profit distribution and the country where the members of the main operating and management bodies and personnel control bodies are located in the main body of the application. China is in the exploratory stage of deep-sea legislation, and should make full use of legal interpretation tools to contribute Chinese wisdom to deep-sea governance issues.

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（5）【资源】信息简报：海洋遗传资源，包括公平公正的利益分享

《联合国海洋法公约》框架下的国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性保护和可持续利用协定（简称：BBNJ协定）确立了一个框架，旨在公平公正地分享国家管辖范围以外区域海洋遗传资源（MGRs）及其数字序列信息（DSI）相关活动产生的利益。这些利益包括非货币和货币形式，都必须公平公正地分享，并应促进国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的保护和可持续利用。缔约方必须采取必要的立法、行政或政策措施，以确保在其管辖下的自然人或法人在国家管辖范围以外区域海洋遗传资源及其数字序列信息相关活动中产生的利益，能够依照协定规定进行公平分享。

【Resource】Marine genetic resources, including the fair and equitable sharing of benefits

The Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction ("BBNJ Agreement") was adopted on 19 June 2023. The Agreement establishes a framework for the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from activities with respect to MGRs and DSI on MGRs of areas beyond national jurisdiction. Such benefits, including both non-monetary and monetary benefits, must be shared in a fair and equitable manner and contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. Parties will have to take the necessary legislative, administrative or policy measures to ensure that benefits arising from activities with respect to MGRs and DSI on MGRs of areas beyond national jurisdiction by natural or juridical persons under their jurisdiction are shared in accordance with the Agreement.

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（6）【资源】关于为加勒比小岛屿发展中国家举办《BBNJ协定》地区会议的通知

联合国法律事务厅的海洋事务和海洋法司（海法司）正在为加勒比地区的小岛屿发展中国家举办一次区域讲习班，目的是促进这些国家更深入地了解《联合国海洋法公约》和《BBNJ协定》。讲习班将涵盖多个模块，包括：《BBNJ协定》的背景、概览及其重要性；成为缔约方的影响；以及协定中的实质性和横向要素，涵盖相关的权利和义务。相关的法律文书和框架，以及全球、区域、分区域和部门层面的相关机构。成为缔约方所需遵循的程序步骤。

【Resource】Notification of regional workshop for Caribbean SIDS on the BBNJ Agreement

The Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea of the Office of Legal Affairs of the United Nations (the Division) is offering a Regional Workshop on promoting a better understanding of the Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement) for small island developing States of the Caribbean region. It will include a number of modules, including on: the background to the BBNJ Agreement; an overview of the Agreement and its importance and the implications of becoming parties; the substantive and cross-cutting elements of the Agreement, including the related rights and obligations set out therein; relevant legal instruments and frameworks and relevant global, regional, subregional and sectoral bodies; and procedural steps towards becoming party to the Agreement.

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