EK小课堂是10位培元生态编辑部的小编辑们定期给大家呈现生态小知识的栏目。我们肉眼可见的极端天气越来越多，由此更多的人意识到了气候变化带来的严重问题，但如何解决呢？首先要了解这个问题是什么，其次才会有解决方案。EK小课堂就是小编辑们让大家更多了解问题是什么，让大家一起来探寻解决办法。希望大家喜欢并点赞，更希望大家可以传播给更多的人。

本期由薛慧心、杨雅棋、杨雅荔3位小编辑，为读者们带来关于生态系统与生态系统服务、可持续经营发展目标、二十四节气的知识分享。

（薛慧心）

“我叫薛慧心，14岁，一名初三学生。外向但又有点社恐。平时喜欢尝试不同的事物，也希望去尝试刺激的活动。喜欢画画，看电影，出去旅游，去看不同城市不同的人文风景。喜欢和他人交朋友，也热衷于与他人分享我的日常。”

生态系统与生态系统服务 Ecosystem& Ecosystem service

生态系统，指在自然界的一定的空间内，生物与环境构成的统一整体，在这个统一整体中，生物与环境之间相互影响、相互制约，并在一定时期内处于相对稳定的动态平衡状态。

Ecosystem refers to a unified whole formed by organisms and the environment in a certain space in nature. In this unified whole, organisms and the environment affect and restrict each other, and are in a relatively stable state of dynamic balance in a certain period of time.

生态系统服务是指人类从生态系统获得的所有惠益，包括供给服务、调节服务、文化服务以及支持服务。

Ecosystem services refer to all the benefits that humans get from ecosystems, including supply services, regulation services, cultural services and support services.

生态系统的循环 The cycle of the ecosystem

地球上最大的生态系统是生物圈，生物圈中生活着不同的生物，它们从环境中获取空气，营养和能量。在生物的生长与繁殖的过程中，会促进物质循环，维持这个生态系统的能量供给，这构成一个良性循环。

The largest ecosystem on Earth is the biosphere, which is home to different organisms that get air, nutrients and energy from environment. In the process of growth and reproduction of organisms, it will promote the circulation of materials and maintain the energy supply of the ecosystem, which constitutes a Virtuous cycle.

进行生态系统服务的方法 The way to proceed Ecosystem services

为人类生活提供食物，医疗保障以及生活类服务，为人类适宜的生活条件创造条件。

To provide food, medical security and life services for human life, to create conditions for human living conditions. 

保护环境。利用合理的方式进行环境保护，包括保护动植物，减少二氧化碳排放…

Protect environment. Use reasonable ways to protect the environment, including protecting plants and animals, reducing carbon dioxide emissions...

生态系统服务的作用The effect of ecosystem services

生态系统服务可以调节气候，维持生物多样性，减小温室效应….
Ecosystem services regulate the climate, maintain biodiversity, reduce the greenhouse effect...

（杨雅棋）

“大家好，我叫杨雅棋，今年13岁，初中二年级 来自北京市文汇中学。我比较内向， 熟络起来后你会觉得我很外向。我会说一点日语，会弹一点琵琶 ，擅长的体育活动是排球。很高兴认识大家，请大家多多关照！”

可持续经营发展目标 Sustainable management development goal

2015年，联合国启动了可持续发展议程，这表明各会员国日益认识到，寻求一个对当代及后代而言可持续的发展模式，能为减少贫困和改善世界各地人民的生活提供最佳的途径。与此同时，气候变化也开始得到广泛的关注。气候变化导致极地冰盖融化，全球海平面上升，灾难性天气事件更加频繁。面对气候变化的影响，没有哪个国家能够独善其身。

In 2015, the United Nations launched the sustainable development agenda, which shows that Member States are increasingly aware that seeking a sustainable development model for present and future generations can provide the best way to reduce poverty and improve people's lives around the world. At the same time, climate change has also begun to get widespread attention. Climate change leads to the melting of polar ice sheets, rising global sea levels and more frequent catastrophic weather events. In the face of the impact of climate change, no country can be immune.

可持续发展与气候行动相互关联，对于人类当前和未来的福祉都非常关键。变革世界的17个可持续发展目标呼吁所有国家（不论该国是贫穷、富裕还是中等收入）行动起来，在促进经济繁荣的同时保护地球。目标指出，消除贫困必须与一系列战略齐头并进，包括促进经济增长，解决教育、卫生、社会保护和就业机会的社会需求，遏制气候变化和保护环境。

Sustainable development and climate action are interrelated, which are crucial to the current and future well-being of mankind. The 17 Goals of Changing the World.The Sustainable Development Goals call on all countries, whether they are poor, rich or middle-income, to take action to protect the planet while promoting economic prosperity.

The goal points out that poverty eradication must go hand in hand with a series of strategies, including promoting economic growth, meeting the social needs of education, health, social protection and employment opportunities, curbing climate change and protecting the environment.

2030年议程 Agenda 2030

认识到千年发展目标的成就以及完成消除贫困工作的必要性，联合国通过了宏大的2030年可持续发展议程。议程目标包括：无贫穷；零饥饿；良好健康与福祉；优质教育；性别平等；清洁饮水和卫生设施；经济适用的清洁能源；体面工作和经济增长；产业、创新和基础设施；减少不平等；可持续城市和社区；负责任消费和生产；气候行动；水下生物；陆地生物；和平、正义与强大机构；促进目标实现的伙伴关系。

Recognizing the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and the necessity of eradicating poverty, the United Nations adopted a grand sustainable development agenda for 2030. Agenda goals include: no poverty; Zero hunger; Good health and well-being; Quality education; Gender equality; Clean drinking water and sanitation facilities; Economical and applicable clean energy; Decent work and economic growth; Industry, innovation and infrastructure; Reducing inequality; Sustainable cities and communities; Responsible consumption and production; Climate action; Underwater creatures; Terrestrial creatures; Peace, justice and strong institutions; Partnership to promote the achievement of goals.

（杨雅荔）

“我叫杨雅荔 ，今年十三岁 ，八年级 。 喜欢听音乐、 打排球、 追星🤟， 我比较外向 好接触🤔 e人。”

二十四节气 24 solar terms

“春雨惊春清谷天，夏满芒夏暑相连，秋处露秋寒霜降，冬雪雪冬小大寒”

"Spring rain jing spring clear valley day, Summer is full of summer heat connected, Autumn dew autumn frost, Winter snow snow winter minor major cold."

二十四节气分别为：立春、雨水、惊蛰、春分、清明、谷雨、立夏、小满、芒种、夏至、小暑、大暑、立秋、处暑、白露、秋分、寒露、霜降、立冬、小雪、大雪、冬至、小寒、大寒。

The 24 solar terms are: Start of Spring, Rain, Awakening of Insects, Vernal Equinox, Qingming, Grain Rain, Start of Summer, Grain Manchu, Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice, Slight Heat, Major Heat, Start of Autumn, End of Heat, White Dew, Autumn Equinox, Cold Dew, Frost's descent, Start of Winter, Minor Snow, Snow, Winter Solstice, Minor Cold and Major Cold.

历史渊源 Historical origin

二十四节气蕴含了老祖宗的智慧。在古代，祖先们没有先进的科技来帮忙，只能通过观察自然现象的变化，来总结世间的规律。早在春秋战国时期，人们就通过观察竹竿在太阳底下影子的变化，来确定季节的交替。

把一年之中正午影子最短的一天，叫做夏至；最长的一天叫做冬至。到了先秦时期，就已经有了二十四节气的概念。

后来，到了汉武帝时期，制订了第一本二十四节气的书，叫《汉历》。这本书以黄河流域的天气变化为基本准则，把一年分成了24份，约每15天为一个节气，节就是时间段，节点的意思，气就是气候的意思。每个月的第一个节气叫节气，每月的第二个节气叫中气，从立春开始，到大寒结束，经过了24个节气。

As early as in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, people determined the alternation of seasons by observing the changes of the shadows of bamboo poles under the sun.Call the shortest day of the year the summer solstice; the longest day is the winter solstice.

In the pre-Qin period, there was already the concept of the 24 solar terms.

Later, during the reign of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty, the first book of the 24 solar terms was called the Han calendar. The book takes the weather changes in the Yellow River basin as the basic principle, and divides a year into 24 parts, about every 15 days as a solar term, section is time period, the meaning of node, qi means climate. The first solar term of each month is called the solar term, and the second solar term of each month is called zhongqi. Starting from the beginning of spring to the end of Major Cold, after 24 solar terms.

确立的理论基础 Establishment methods

二十四节气最初是依据"斗转星移"制定，北斗七星循环旋转，斗柄顺时针旋转一圈为一周期，谓之一“岁”。现行确立二十四节气依据“太阳周年视运动”，也就是太阳黄经度数。两种确立方法虽然不同，但造成斗转星移的原因则是地球绕太阳公转，因此两者交节时间基本一致。二十四节气表征了地球在公转轨道上的位置和季节、气候的对应关系，它是非常科学的。

The 24 solar terms were originally formulated based on the "shift of stars". When the Big Dipper rotates and the handle rotates clockwise as a cycle, which is called the "year". The current establishment of the 24 solar terms is based on the "anniversary Vision Movement of the sun", which is the degree of the sun's yellow meridian. Although the two establishment methods are different, the cause of the shift of the stars is that the earth revolves around the sun, so the two are basically the same time. The 24 solar terms represent the position of the earth in the revolution orbit and the correspondence between seasons and climate. It is very scientific.

对农业生产的影响：Effect on agricultural

“二十四节气”不仅在农业生产方面起着指导作用，同时还影响着古人的衣食住行，甚至是文化观念。二十四节气形成以来一直是我国农业生产的风向标。农作物的生长发育与光、温、气、热、水等因素密不可分，二十四节气对当今农业生产仍有指导意义。

The "24 Solar terms" not only play a guiding role in agricultural production, but also affect the ancients' food, clothing, shelter and transportation, and even cultural concepts. Since the formation of the 24 solar terms has been the vane of China's agricultural production.The growth and development of crops are closely related to light, temperature, gas, heat, water and other factors. 

The 24 solar termsstill have guiding significance to today's agricultural production.

经过了祖先们几百年的观察推演，二十四节气最终被定为历法流传至今。2016年，二十四节气入选联合国教科文组织人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录。

After hundreds of years of observation and deduction, the 24 solar terms were finally designated as the calendar passed down to this day. In 2016, the 24 solar terms were selected into the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.